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[Music]

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greetings my friends and

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perhaps fellow fans of icy worlds

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uh welcome to ask an astrobiologist the

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show that celebrates the science

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and celebrates the scientists involved

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in our quest to understand the nature of

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life

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i'm dr graham lau also known online as

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the cosmobiologist and

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perhaps more recently as astro beef for

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some reason

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uh and we're brought to you by

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seganet.org and the nasa astrobiology

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program

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and i'm really really excited about

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today's episode

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uh there's been a lot of love for mars

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in the news lately in astrobiology

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but you know we have to have our dose of

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good icy worlds

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ocean worlds and some europa to talk

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about

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but first we have to do our usual house

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cleaning activity of

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sending out a huge shout out and thanks

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to those of you

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who share about our show online

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uh who talk about the show who engage

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with our guests through social media by

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emailing them by learning more about

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their research

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we have some ambassadors from twitter

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we'd like to mention for this month

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uh we'd like to say give a huge shout

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out to jason gilchrist

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origin center netherland denise

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and navino saranji on twitter uh these

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users have shared about our show

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have helped us to get the word out about

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ask an astrobiologist and all the

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awesome work of those who are joining us

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now like i mentioned i'm super excited

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for this episode

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joining me today is dr cynthia phillips

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of nasa's jet propulsion laboratory

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dr phillips is an expert in the

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geological processes that are occurring

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on moons

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like the icy worlds and the ocean worlds

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of our solar system

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she's also a project staff scientist on

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the europa clipper

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and the deputy project scientist for the

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europa lander concept design

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and so i'm super excited to narrow out

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with her about everything europa and icy

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worlds

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uh dr phillips welcome to ask an

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astrobiologist awesome thanks so much

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for having me here i'm super excited

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awesome yeah i mean it's just so much

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fun stuff to talk about with europa

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but i usually with our guests i love to

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first just since we have a lot of young

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people we have high school students and

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undergraduate students who

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are getting into science maybe for the

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first time maybe they're just finding

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out about astrobiology

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and so we like to tell them about the

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careers of of the the scientists who

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join us

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and so i'd love if you wouldn't mind

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just sharing with us maybe your science

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origin story

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the thing that really kicked you off uh

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towards your career that you have now

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sure yeah so i grew up in a in a suburb

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of boston

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and so i i came from a family a proud

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family of science nerds

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and so you know we were all into math

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and science and reading and all that

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stuff

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and my dad was a was this amateur

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astronomer and so he had a telescope

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and he would always you know he'd be

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he'd be trying to find

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some you know nebula or galaxy or

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something and so he'd spend hours

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setting up his telescope in our backyard

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and he'd drag us out and somehow it was

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always the middle of the night

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it was always like the middle of winter

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it was freezing cold we'd go out there

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we'd look and he was you know he was so

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proud that he'd managed to find this

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nebula in his telescope we'd go out and

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look

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and it was always so disappointing for

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me because it was like this little fuzzy

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blob

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right and so you know my dad's amazing i

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love him but

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i was just i was so unimpressed right i

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was like i loved astronomy i loved the

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whole idea

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of there being something out there you

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know beyond the earth but

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i was just you know i wasn't impressed

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with these galaxies

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and so i was in um high school when the

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um

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when the voyager spacecraft flew past

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neptune and this is back you know there

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was no

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internet right it was you know it wasn't

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the dark ages but

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the only way that we could see the

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pictures

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that were taken by the voyager

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spacecraft was the scientists who were

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on the team actually had to go to jpl

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and i had no idea what a jpl was back

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then but you know to me it was like this

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mystical place and so

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on tv like on pbs they had basically a

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live

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feed from the jpl control room of all

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these scientists like sitting around

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these big tv

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monitors waiting for the pictures to

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come in from neptune and

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this is the first time that humans had

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ever seen neptune or any of its

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satellites up close

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we'd never seen them right it was just

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this little point of light this really

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faint point of light in the sky

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and so suddenly as these pictures came

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in these little kind of dots of light

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they turned into worlds like they turned

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into places

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and i remember just watching this i

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managed to persuade my parents let me

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stay up

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they had something called neptune all

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night so basically they just had a live

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feed that went all night on pbs from the

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control room

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and you know we didn't have a vcr or

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anything so you know i was a persuasive

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kid and i and i persuaded my parents let

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me stay up and watch this thing so i

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remember it's like the middle of the

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night

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carl sagan is there and you know carl

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sagan right he's on the science team

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he's watching these pictures come in and

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one of these like crazy looking pictures

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of one of the moons of neptune

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comes up on this tv screen and i

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remember carl sagan looking at and

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saying wow

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i have no idea what that is and to me

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that was like my eureka moment okay

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i was like if carl sagan

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the best you know the most amazing

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scientist in the world you know in my

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opinion then

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um if he doesn't know what's going on in

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this moon

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there are still things left undiscovered

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right

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there are still places that humans have

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never seen before

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and i was just hooked i was like i want

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to do that

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i want to be in the control room at jpl

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watching the pictures come in for the

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first time the first time that we see a

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new world

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and you know with a bunch of twists and

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turns it's still amazing to me as an

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adult now i

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look back at that starry eyed high

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school student and i'm like

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i made it right i work at jbl i still

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have to pinch myself sometimes

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when i think about the fact that i'm

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there

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i love that so much um and how

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incredible you know that that thing that

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kind of

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got you into it really in the first

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place um i also so we often tell

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young students who are interested in

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being involved in astrobiology who have

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those kinds of eureka moments of their

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own where they realize that science is

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we're still discovering things we're

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still asking big questions and

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trying to understand the answers that

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we're getting um

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we understand that when you were younger

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you were very motivated to reach out to

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scientists to ask more questions

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and that you even had a chance to go to

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greenland on a trip once when you're in

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high school

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would you mind talking about that for

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our audience yeah sure so so

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you know again i was a pretty persuasive

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kid when i was in high school

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and so um i knew that

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i knew that i wanted to like i was

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obsessed with science i knew that i

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wanted to do science but

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to me i didn't really know what science

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was right is science looking through a

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telescope

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is science looking at this picture that

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comes in you know what does it mean to

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do science

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and so i i saved up all of my batman's

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money

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right and so this was the you know like

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the 1980s right and so

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you know you could you could put you

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could put money in a bank account and it

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you know interest rates were high right

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so you know you could do pretty well

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so a couple years later um i was looking

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at something called earthwatch which is

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this program that basically lets like

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it was sort of one of the first citizen

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scientist programs back before that was

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a thing

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the idea was basically you know like you

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could just

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random members of the public could go

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along and help scientists on some kind

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of expedition

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and so i got this catalog like i wrote

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away you know i got this catalog that

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came again pre-internet i can just

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google things

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um but i got this catalog and i spent

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like weeks just pouring over it

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and i was like okay where's a place that

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i probably will never get to go

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in my life right and so you know i

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looked at like the jungles of borneo to

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go work with like you know gorillas or

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chimpanzees or something

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and then i saw this one that was looking

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for plant fossils in greenland

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and i don't know it just it completely

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just grabbed my mind that i was like wow

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i could go to greenland and you know

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i figured that green i mean greenland's

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pretty safe right there's like you know

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a few tens of thousands of people there

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right there's no

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you know i figured that that would be an

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easier sell with my parents than going

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to the jungle somewhere

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so and and and yeah and so is this

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expedition where basically you could go

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and

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look for you know you're digging up

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rocks um you're looking for these late

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cretaceous plant fossils and

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you know i was led by the scientists who

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basically had an idea that you could

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use like the size of the leaves and the

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serrations of them to figure out the

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light levels which you can

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be tracked the fact that greenland was

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much closer to the equator

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00:08:48,230 --> 00:08:46,480
when in the late cretaceous than it is

283
00:08:49,990 --> 00:08:48,240
now like there's this tropical basically

284
00:08:52,070 --> 00:08:50,000
foliage we were finding

285
00:08:53,509 --> 00:08:52,080
so yeah so i somehow persuaded my

286
00:08:55,829 --> 00:08:53,519
parents and now you know

287
00:08:56,630 --> 00:08:55,839
i i'm a parent right so i mean i have

288
00:08:58,470 --> 00:08:56,640
kids who are

289
00:08:59,910 --> 00:08:58,480
you know my oldest is 22 now right so i

290
00:09:00,870 --> 00:08:59,920
mean i have kids who've gone through the

291
00:09:02,949 --> 00:09:00,880
teenage years

292
00:09:04,389 --> 00:09:02,959
and looking back i'm like how did my

293
00:09:06,389 --> 00:09:04,399
parents how did i

294
00:09:08,070 --> 00:09:06,399
how did they agree to this right how did

295
00:09:09,910 --> 00:09:08,080
they agree to send me to the middle of

296
00:09:11,670 --> 00:09:09,920
nowhere in greenland for

297
00:09:13,190 --> 00:09:11,680
you know two months in the summer when i

298
00:09:15,110 --> 00:09:13,200
was 16. but

299
00:09:16,470 --> 00:09:15,120
everything was great and i had a really

300
00:09:18,630 --> 00:09:16,480
good time and that was really my first

301
00:09:19,350 --> 00:09:18,640
taste of doing science right doing field

302
00:09:21,590 --> 00:09:19,360
work

303
00:09:23,110 --> 00:09:21,600
right having a having a scientific goal

304
00:09:24,710 --> 00:09:23,120
and trying to find evidence to to

305
00:09:26,790 --> 00:09:24,720
support that hypothesis

306
00:09:28,710 --> 00:09:26,800
so it was really fun that's wonderful

307
00:09:29,910 --> 00:09:28,720
yeah i'm i'm super jealous i've been to

308
00:09:31,590 --> 00:09:29,920
the high arctic but

309
00:09:33,190 --> 00:09:31,600
never to greenland and so that's really

310
00:09:34,630 --> 00:09:33,200
cool uh and i think you know

311
00:09:36,710 --> 00:09:34,640
there's a lot more these days too for

312
00:09:38,550 --> 00:09:36,720
citizen signs and ways for

313
00:09:40,389 --> 00:09:38,560
people from all around to get involved

314
00:09:41,269 --> 00:09:40,399
in various scientific expeditions and

315
00:09:42,630 --> 00:09:41,279
endeavors

316
00:09:43,990 --> 00:09:42,640
um so for everyone watching if you're

317
00:09:45,030 --> 00:09:44,000
interested in doing something similar i

318
00:09:47,190 --> 00:09:45,040
highly recommend it

319
00:09:48,870 --> 00:09:47,200
be motivated get out there ask the

320
00:09:50,870 --> 00:09:48,880
questions save up your money

321
00:09:52,949 --> 00:09:50,880
and and go do these things because they

322
00:09:55,509 --> 00:09:52,959
might you know change your future

323
00:09:57,190 --> 00:09:55,519
um and that's really cool uh so dr

324
00:09:58,470 --> 00:09:57,200
phillips you did your undergraduate uh

325
00:10:01,030 --> 00:09:58,480
in physics and astronomy

326
00:10:03,030 --> 00:10:01,040
at harvard you then went on to uh your

327
00:10:05,030 --> 00:10:03,040
graduate studies in planetary science at

328
00:10:07,670 --> 00:10:05,040
university of arizona

329
00:10:08,069 --> 00:10:07,680
what things along the way really drove

330
00:10:10,710 --> 00:10:08,079
you

331
00:10:12,550 --> 00:10:10,720
to become an expert in understanding the

332
00:10:13,829 --> 00:10:12,560
icy worlds and the moons of our solar

333
00:10:15,190 --> 00:10:13,839
system

334
00:10:16,470 --> 00:10:15,200
is there any advice you would give for

335
00:10:17,590 --> 00:10:16,480
instance young undergraduates or

336
00:10:19,590 --> 00:10:17,600
graduate students who might want to

337
00:10:22,630 --> 00:10:19,600
pursue a similar career

338
00:10:23,910 --> 00:10:22,640
yeah so so a lot of a lot of my career

339
00:10:25,670 --> 00:10:23,920
has been

340
00:10:27,350 --> 00:10:25,680
strategic planning and a lot of it has

341
00:10:28,870 --> 00:10:27,360
been luck right so it's really a

342
00:10:30,870 --> 00:10:28,880
combination of the two

343
00:10:32,069 --> 00:10:30,880
um you know i went to college and i was

344
00:10:34,790 --> 00:10:32,079
like i'm going to be a physics major

345
00:10:36,389 --> 00:10:34,800
because you know i i had seen these move

346
00:10:37,750 --> 00:10:36,399
i'd seen these voyager images right i'd

347
00:10:40,310 --> 00:10:37,760
seen these moons of neptune

348
00:10:42,069 --> 00:10:40,320
but i had no idea how to get from where

349
00:10:43,430 --> 00:10:42,079
i was which was like a smart high school

350
00:10:45,829 --> 00:10:43,440
student who was good at physics

351
00:10:47,190 --> 00:10:45,839
to that jpl control room so that was

352
00:10:49,350 --> 00:10:47,200
always in the back of my mind

353
00:10:50,630 --> 00:10:49,360
but i had no idea how to get there right

354
00:10:51,910 --> 00:10:50,640
so i went to college i was like okay i'm

355
00:10:54,310 --> 00:10:51,920
gonna be a physics major

356
00:10:54,949 --> 00:10:54,320
so i go and i major in physics and man

357
00:10:57,190 --> 00:10:54,959
it was

358
00:10:58,949 --> 00:10:57,200
i i'd been like i've been great at

359
00:11:00,550 --> 00:10:58,959
physics i did physics really intuitively

360
00:11:01,750 --> 00:11:00,560
and i got to college and i hit quantum

361
00:11:04,150 --> 00:11:01,760
physics and suddenly

362
00:11:04,949 --> 00:11:04,160
my brain no longer worked right like i

363
00:11:07,269 --> 00:11:04,959
could not

364
00:11:08,230 --> 00:11:07,279
get an intuitive grip of of quantum

365
00:11:10,710 --> 00:11:08,240
physics

366
00:11:12,069 --> 00:11:10,720
and you know quantum mechanics and you

367
00:11:13,590 --> 00:11:12,079
know i didn't really know how

368
00:11:15,110 --> 00:11:13,600
because i'd always just kind of

369
00:11:16,150 --> 00:11:15,120
understood it i didn't really know how

370
00:11:18,150 --> 00:11:16,160
to teach myself

371
00:11:20,230 --> 00:11:18,160
how to do it right so i hit this brick

372
00:11:21,750 --> 00:11:20,240
wall and you know i was like one of the

373
00:11:23,190 --> 00:11:21,760
few women in the physics department and

374
00:11:24,470 --> 00:11:23,200
it was just it was not a very supportive

375
00:11:26,470 --> 00:11:24,480
department at the time

376
00:11:28,069 --> 00:11:26,480
and so i found the astronomy department

377
00:11:29,910 --> 00:11:28,079
and the astronomy department was

378
00:11:31,590 --> 00:11:29,920
like they were friendly and they were

379
00:11:33,350 --> 00:11:31,600
nice and they had telescopes i was like

380
00:11:34,550 --> 00:11:33,360
okay so i'll do a joint astronomy and

381
00:11:36,069 --> 00:11:34,560
physics major

382
00:11:38,150 --> 00:11:36,079
and then i'll be able to look at the

383
00:11:39,350 --> 00:11:38,160
solar system so you know i'm taking

384
00:11:41,430 --> 00:11:39,360
astronomy classes

385
00:11:43,030 --> 00:11:41,440
and i remember i'm like you know we're

386
00:11:44,630 --> 00:11:43,040
studying galaxies and debbie is like all

387
00:11:46,389 --> 00:11:44,640
of those like faint fuzzy

388
00:11:47,670 --> 00:11:46,399
disappointing looking things and i'm

389
00:11:48,470 --> 00:11:47,680
like okay when are we gonna get to the

390
00:11:50,710 --> 00:11:48,480
planets

391
00:11:51,750 --> 00:11:50,720
and so finally you know i asked i was

392
00:11:53,030 --> 00:11:51,760
like okay you know

393
00:11:54,389 --> 00:11:53,040
when when are we gonna study the planets

394
00:11:56,389 --> 00:11:54,399
and they're oh well that's planetary

395
00:11:58,629 --> 00:11:56,399
science that's not astronomy right

396
00:12:00,310 --> 00:11:58,639
so it was this whole like other thing

397
00:12:01,910 --> 00:12:00,320
right and so planetary science like the

398
00:12:04,150 --> 00:12:01,920
study of the solar system

399
00:12:06,470 --> 00:12:04,160
it's a pretty young field because we've

400
00:12:07,030 --> 00:12:06,480
really only in the last like 50 years or

401
00:12:09,030 --> 00:12:07,040
so

402
00:12:10,790 --> 00:12:09,040
we've had spacecraft that have been able

403
00:12:13,190 --> 00:12:10,800
to go out and take pictures of these of

404
00:12:16,389 --> 00:12:13,200
these other worlds in our solar system

405
00:12:18,150 --> 00:12:16,399
and so at least at the time um you know

406
00:12:19,670 --> 00:12:18,160
so planetary science sometimes it's part

407
00:12:21,509 --> 00:12:19,680
of like the earth and planetary science

408
00:12:23,110 --> 00:12:21,519
like a geology department sometimes it's

409
00:12:26,150 --> 00:12:23,120
part of the astronomy department

410
00:12:27,990 --> 00:12:26,160
sometimes it's its own department um

411
00:12:29,190 --> 00:12:28,000
so it was really just kind of confusing

412
00:12:31,269 --> 00:12:29,200
trying to figure out okay

413
00:12:33,110 --> 00:12:31,279
what should i be studying and who do i

414
00:12:36,150 --> 00:12:33,120
work with and who do i do research with

415
00:12:38,150 --> 00:12:36,160
if i want to be a planetary scientist

416
00:12:40,069 --> 00:12:38,160
and so i started you know i found like

417
00:12:41,590 --> 00:12:40,079
the one planetary science person

418
00:12:42,790 --> 00:12:41,600
who was there who was in the astronomy

419
00:12:44,470 --> 00:12:42,800
department and you know i worked with

420
00:12:44,949 --> 00:12:44,480
him looking at pictures of venus that

421
00:12:46,629 --> 00:12:44,959
had been

422
00:12:48,310 --> 00:12:46,639
taken by the magellan spacecraft because

423
00:12:51,030 --> 00:12:48,320
that was that's what was going on

424
00:12:52,069 --> 00:12:51,040
when i was in college and i started

425
00:12:53,430 --> 00:12:52,079
thinking about okay

426
00:12:55,030 --> 00:12:53,440
you know i'm remembering back to my

427
00:12:55,910 --> 00:12:55,040
dream and i'm like okay what mission is

428
00:12:57,910 --> 00:12:55,920
coming up next

429
00:12:59,829 --> 00:12:57,920
it's going to have new pictures and so

430
00:13:00,710 --> 00:12:59,839
the galileo mission was about to reach

431
00:13:02,870 --> 00:13:00,720
jupiter

432
00:13:04,150 --> 00:13:02,880
and so i you know found a journal

433
00:13:04,949 --> 00:13:04,160
article again there's like i couldn't

434
00:13:07,430 --> 00:13:04,959
just google

435
00:13:09,030 --> 00:13:07,440
galileo science team right so i found a

436
00:13:10,550 --> 00:13:09,040
journal article that had a list of all

437
00:13:11,269 --> 00:13:10,560
of the members of the galileo science

438
00:13:13,110 --> 00:13:11,279
team

439
00:13:14,629 --> 00:13:13,120
and i figured out what universities

440
00:13:16,790 --> 00:13:14,639
they're at and then i went to

441
00:13:17,430 --> 00:13:16,800
conferences as an undergrad and i talked

442
00:13:19,030 --> 00:13:17,440
to

443
00:13:20,710 --> 00:13:19,040
every grad student i could find i had

444
00:13:22,069 --> 00:13:20,720
this little notebook i kept in my pocket

445
00:13:23,110 --> 00:13:22,079
of like all the planetary science

446
00:13:24,949 --> 00:13:23,120
departments

447
00:13:26,790 --> 00:13:24,959
and i talked to them and i talked to

448
00:13:28,389 --> 00:13:26,800
them about you know the members of the

449
00:13:30,150 --> 00:13:28,399
galileo imaging team

450
00:13:31,670 --> 00:13:30,160
and so basically those were the

451
00:13:32,949 --> 00:13:31,680
departments i applied to like i figured

452
00:13:34,470 --> 00:13:32,959
out what schools they were in i figured

453
00:13:36,069 --> 00:13:34,480
out what departments they're in

454
00:13:37,590 --> 00:13:36,079
that's where i applied because i knew

455
00:13:38,310 --> 00:13:37,600
that i wanted to work with one of those

456
00:13:40,069 --> 00:13:38,320
people

457
00:13:41,269 --> 00:13:40,079
and so i was lucky enough to you know

458
00:13:42,710 --> 00:13:41,279
get accepted at the university of

459
00:13:44,710 --> 00:13:42,720
arizona and i worked with someone who

460
00:13:46,949 --> 00:13:44,720
was on the galileo imaging team

461
00:13:47,990 --> 00:13:46,959
and i got to be there i got to be the

462
00:13:49,670 --> 00:13:48,000
one you know

463
00:13:51,590 --> 00:13:49,680
i was like this lowly you know first

464
00:13:53,430 --> 00:13:51,600
year grad student when galileo

465
00:13:55,030 --> 00:13:53,440
reached the jupiter system right so

466
00:13:56,389 --> 00:13:55,040
that's the luck right that's the timing

467
00:13:57,670 --> 00:13:56,399
i was just i was in the right place at

468
00:14:00,230 --> 00:13:57,680
the right time

469
00:14:01,910 --> 00:14:00,240
um and so since i was like the youngest

470
00:14:03,269 --> 00:14:01,920
one the youngest grad student and i was

471
00:14:05,110 --> 00:14:03,279
good with computers

472
00:14:06,710 --> 00:14:05,120
i got to be the one who could you know

473
00:14:08,150 --> 00:14:06,720
the images were released and there was

474
00:14:10,389 --> 00:14:08,160
the internet by then right and so

475
00:14:12,150 --> 00:14:10,399
we didn't actually get to physically go

476
00:14:13,829 --> 00:14:12,160
to the jpl control room and look at the

477
00:14:15,990 --> 00:14:13,839
pictures on the big screens

478
00:14:17,590 --> 00:14:16,000
they were put on an ftp site but i was

479
00:14:19,430 --> 00:14:17,600
the one who was very good at you know i

480
00:14:20,949 --> 00:14:19,440
could ftp the images over really quickly

481
00:14:22,949 --> 00:14:20,959
and get them up and stretch them and get

482
00:14:24,870 --> 00:14:22,959
them on my big monitor on my computer

483
00:14:26,230 --> 00:14:24,880
and all of the you know the scientists

484
00:14:27,910 --> 00:14:26,240
in the department the professors would

485
00:14:28,710 --> 00:14:27,920
gather around behind me and we'd look at

486
00:14:31,750 --> 00:14:28,720
those pictures

487
00:14:33,590 --> 00:14:31,760
and say wow i have no idea what that is

488
00:14:34,790 --> 00:14:33,600
right i got to do it and it was just

489
00:14:36,310 --> 00:14:34,800
amazing

490
00:14:38,069 --> 00:14:36,320
and that's when i fell in love with the

491
00:14:39,430 --> 00:14:38,079
with the satellites of jupiter with with

492
00:14:42,069 --> 00:14:39,440
i worked on io

493
00:14:42,710 --> 00:14:42,079
you know ganymede callisto but really

494
00:14:46,389 --> 00:14:42,720
europa

495
00:14:48,790 --> 00:14:46,399
became obsessed with it

496
00:14:49,590 --> 00:14:48,800
so i've worked on europa ever since oh

497
00:14:51,269 --> 00:14:49,600
that's wonderful

498
00:14:52,949 --> 00:14:51,279
i love your connection there of you know

499
00:14:53,590 --> 00:14:52,959
as a young person seeing carl sagan

500
00:14:55,590 --> 00:14:53,600
looking at

501
00:14:56,790 --> 00:14:55,600
the moons of neptune and being like i

502
00:14:58,310 --> 00:14:56,800
don't know what that is and then as a

503
00:14:59,670 --> 00:14:58,320
graduate student you're involved in

504
00:15:01,110 --> 00:14:59,680
downloading these images and

505
00:15:03,829 --> 00:15:01,120
and scientists are like i don't know

506
00:15:06,389 --> 00:15:03,839
what that is and i was i was so lucky

507
00:15:07,509 --> 00:15:06,399
right it was amazing yeah and i love you

508
00:15:09,350 --> 00:15:07,519
know the mixture of you know your

509
00:15:10,069 --> 00:15:09,360
motivation hard work and a bit of luck

510
00:15:12,150 --> 00:15:10,079
too i mean

511
00:15:13,670 --> 00:15:12,160
that does happen along the way and it is

512
00:15:15,269 --> 00:15:13,680
interesting there always are you know

513
00:15:17,030 --> 00:15:15,279
upcoming missions that young people can

514
00:15:19,110 --> 00:15:17,040
get involved in right now

515
00:15:20,629 --> 00:15:19,120
uh the dragonfly mission to titan won't

516
00:15:22,069 --> 00:15:20,639
launch for quite some time but

517
00:15:24,069 --> 00:15:22,079
you can get involved now as a young

518
00:15:26,550 --> 00:15:24,079
student uh there are ways to be involved

519
00:15:28,150 --> 00:15:26,560
with upcoming europa missions

520
00:15:30,069 --> 00:15:28,160
and a lot of people are very interested

521
00:15:32,310 --> 00:15:30,079
in icy worlds in our solar system we

522
00:15:33,430 --> 00:15:32,320
actually asked on the nasa astrobiology

523
00:15:35,670 --> 00:15:33,440
twitter account

524
00:15:38,230 --> 00:15:35,680
uh what people's favorite icy worlds

525
00:15:40,710 --> 00:15:38,240
were we gave them the options of europa

526
00:15:42,150 --> 00:15:40,720
enceladus titan or other now i

527
00:15:43,990 --> 00:15:42,160
personally also recommended triton

528
00:15:47,110 --> 00:15:44,000
because that's one of my favorites

529
00:15:49,269 --> 00:15:47,120
uh but the polling showed us that 41

530
00:15:50,550 --> 00:15:49,279
of the audience who responded chose

531
00:15:54,230 --> 00:15:50,560
europa

532
00:15:55,749 --> 00:15:54,240
excellent good choice everyone and so

533
00:15:58,069 --> 00:15:55,759
you know let's talk a bit about

534
00:15:59,749 --> 00:15:58,079
europa uh and maybe specifically

535
00:16:02,069 --> 00:15:59,759
focusing on the upcoming mission

536
00:16:03,269 --> 00:16:02,079
europa clipper and europa lander um i

537
00:16:04,310 --> 00:16:03,279
wonder if you can give us you know kind

538
00:16:05,829 --> 00:16:04,320
of a

539
00:16:06,949 --> 00:16:05,839
really quick synopsis of what we're

540
00:16:08,069 --> 00:16:06,959
going to be doing with the clipper

541
00:16:10,710 --> 00:16:08,079
mission

542
00:16:11,189 --> 00:16:10,720
sure yeah so so after the galileo

543
00:16:13,110 --> 00:16:11,199
mission

544
00:16:14,949 --> 00:16:13,120
studied jupiter and satellites you know

545
00:16:15,829 --> 00:16:14,959
we discovered that europa was really

546
00:16:17,590 --> 00:16:15,839
fascinating

547
00:16:19,509 --> 00:16:17,600
right so it's it the surface is covered

548
00:16:21,749 --> 00:16:19,519
with ice it's really bright

549
00:16:23,189 --> 00:16:21,759
it has all these cracks and ridges and

550
00:16:24,629 --> 00:16:23,199
places on the surface where

551
00:16:26,870 --> 00:16:24,639
it almost looks like icebergs like

552
00:16:28,710 --> 00:16:26,880
something's like rotated and translated

553
00:16:29,749 --> 00:16:28,720
and broken up and then frozen into a new

554
00:16:32,629 --> 00:16:29,759
position

555
00:16:33,350 --> 00:16:32,639
it's just this crazy looking world and

556
00:16:35,430 --> 00:16:33,360
we're

557
00:16:36,710 --> 00:16:35,440
pretty sure with evidence from all the

558
00:16:37,829 --> 00:16:36,720
different instruments on the galileo

559
00:16:39,749 --> 00:16:37,839
spacecraft that

560
00:16:40,949 --> 00:16:39,759
there's this layer of ice at the surface

561
00:16:43,350 --> 00:16:40,959
but under that ice

562
00:16:45,590 --> 00:16:43,360
is an ocean of liquid water and there's

563
00:16:47,829 --> 00:16:45,600
actually more water on europa

564
00:16:50,150 --> 00:16:47,839
than all of earth's oceans combined

565
00:16:53,269 --> 00:16:50,160
right so it's a lot of water it's this

566
00:16:54,790 --> 00:16:53,279
global subsurface ocean and so

567
00:16:56,710 --> 00:16:54,800
when we start thinking about that we

568
00:16:58,389 --> 00:16:56,720
start thinking about how wow

569
00:17:00,470 --> 00:16:58,399
that could be one of the best places to

570
00:17:01,590 --> 00:17:00,480
look for life in the solar system life

571
00:17:03,350 --> 00:17:01,600
beyond the earth

572
00:17:05,189 --> 00:17:03,360
um you know forget mars right nothing

573
00:17:06,710 --> 00:17:05,199
against mars mars is nice it's pretty in

574
00:17:09,750 --> 00:17:06,720
red it matches my shirt but

575
00:17:12,069 --> 00:17:09,760
you know there's no oceans on mars today

576
00:17:14,549 --> 00:17:12,079
right if we find life on mars it's going

577
00:17:15,990 --> 00:17:14,559
to be kind of old fossilized microbes or

578
00:17:18,069 --> 00:17:16,000
you know maybe something hiding in a

579
00:17:20,549 --> 00:17:18,079
little ice pocket under the surface but

580
00:17:21,350 --> 00:17:20,559
on europa we have this ocean there could

581
00:17:24,390 --> 00:17:21,360
be life

582
00:17:26,309 --> 00:17:24,400
in that ocean and so we started working

583
00:17:28,069 --> 00:17:26,319
on a new mission called europa clipper

584
00:17:29,350 --> 00:17:28,079
and you know after galileo we thought

585
00:17:31,190 --> 00:17:29,360
okay this will be the next mission

586
00:17:33,190 --> 00:17:31,200
it's going to get going and it took a

587
00:17:35,669 --> 00:17:33,200
long time to get this mission

588
00:17:36,390 --> 00:17:35,679
you know really approved and so now

589
00:17:37,590 --> 00:17:36,400
finally

590
00:17:40,230 --> 00:17:37,600
we have this mission it's going to

591
00:17:42,630 --> 00:17:40,240
launch in a couple years um

592
00:17:44,230 --> 00:17:42,640
and it's going to study europa it's

593
00:17:45,029 --> 00:17:44,240
going to have that detailed close-up

594
00:17:47,510 --> 00:17:45,039
lurk with

595
00:17:48,230 --> 00:17:47,520
resolution images with a radar

596
00:17:49,510 --> 00:17:48,240
instrument with

597
00:17:51,430 --> 00:17:49,520
all sorts of instruments that will

598
00:17:54,549 --> 00:17:51,440
really be able to study europa

599
00:17:56,950 --> 00:17:54,559
um and its ocean um and so the top level

600
00:17:59,270 --> 00:17:56,960
science goal of europa clipper is to

601
00:18:00,470 --> 00:17:59,280
explore europa to investigate its

602
00:18:02,470 --> 00:18:00,480
habitability

603
00:18:04,150 --> 00:18:02,480
so europa clipper is not a life

604
00:18:06,230 --> 00:18:04,160
detection mission per se

605
00:18:07,350 --> 00:18:06,240
it's a habitability mission it's kind of

606
00:18:10,310 --> 00:18:07,360
the next step

607
00:18:12,230 --> 00:18:10,320
in understanding europa and so what it's

608
00:18:14,390 --> 00:18:12,240
going to do is look for

609
00:18:15,270 --> 00:18:14,400
are there places on europa that are

610
00:18:17,590 --> 00:18:15,280
habitable

611
00:18:19,270 --> 00:18:17,600
that we think that life and again this

612
00:18:20,549 --> 00:18:19,280
is life as we know it right

613
00:18:22,070 --> 00:18:20,559
you know there's all sorts of crazy

614
00:18:23,029 --> 00:18:22,080
ideas of what kinds of crazy life there

615
00:18:24,710 --> 00:18:23,039
could be but

616
00:18:26,549 --> 00:18:24,720
you know you can't really base a mission

617
00:18:29,029 --> 00:18:26,559
on that you have to base a mission on

618
00:18:30,390 --> 00:18:29,039
you know our best knowledge of what life

619
00:18:33,190 --> 00:18:30,400
on earth looks like

620
00:18:34,950 --> 00:18:33,200
and how we think that life could survive

621
00:18:36,390 --> 00:18:34,960
in an environment like europa

622
00:18:37,990 --> 00:18:36,400
and so that's what europa clipper will

623
00:18:39,029 --> 00:18:38,000
do is it's going to study the surface

624
00:18:40,870 --> 00:18:39,039
composition

625
00:18:42,150 --> 00:18:40,880
it's going to try to probe the

626
00:18:44,150 --> 00:18:42,160
subsurface structure

627
00:18:45,510 --> 00:18:44,160
maybe even get down to tell us like how

628
00:18:47,430 --> 00:18:45,520
deep that ocean is

629
00:18:48,630 --> 00:18:47,440
whether there's ice pockets maybe in the

630
00:18:50,230 --> 00:18:48,640
ice crest

631
00:18:52,070 --> 00:18:50,240
um and it'll also look for the

632
00:18:54,630 --> 00:18:52,080
composition of material that's that's

633
00:18:56,470 --> 00:18:54,640
ejected from europa's surface into space

634
00:18:58,310 --> 00:18:56,480
the off and kind of stick out its tongue

635
00:19:01,350 --> 00:18:58,320
and you know taste that material and

636
00:19:03,669 --> 00:19:01,360
figure out what it's made of and so all

637
00:19:05,909 --> 00:19:03,679
of these instruments working together

638
00:19:07,029 --> 00:19:05,919
will be able to give us an amazing idea

639
00:19:09,029 --> 00:19:07,039
of

640
00:19:11,190 --> 00:19:09,039
whether there are places on europa that

641
00:19:12,950 --> 00:19:11,200
we think life could live

642
00:19:14,310 --> 00:19:12,960
yeah that's a good point too and also

643
00:19:15,750 --> 00:19:14,320
like picking out things that could be

644
00:19:17,909 --> 00:19:15,760
orbiting around europa as it's flying

645
00:19:19,350 --> 00:19:17,919
through we got very lucky with cassini

646
00:19:21,110 --> 00:19:19,360
that you know we could fly through the

647
00:19:22,710 --> 00:19:21,120
plumes of enceladus

648
00:19:24,230 --> 00:19:22,720
i remember there was a workshop at nasa

649
00:19:26,070 --> 00:19:24,240
ames some years ago

650
00:19:27,669 --> 00:19:26,080
uh proposing how would we actually look

651
00:19:30,070 --> 00:19:27,679
at the chemistry of material if there

652
00:19:31,909 --> 00:19:30,080
are plumes coming out of europa as well

653
00:19:33,430 --> 00:19:31,919
uh there are there are some data to

654
00:19:35,830 --> 00:19:33,440
suggest there could be plumes

655
00:19:36,870 --> 00:19:35,840
that intermittently come out of europa

656
00:19:38,390 --> 00:19:36,880
but i think it's good for people to

657
00:19:39,669 --> 00:19:38,400
remember that that clipper is going to

658
00:19:41,110 --> 00:19:39,679
be an orbiting mission

659
00:19:43,830 --> 00:19:41,120
that will orbit around jupiter and

660
00:19:45,590 --> 00:19:43,840
europa together and study the surface

661
00:19:47,669 --> 00:19:45,600
um and so we also have the concept

662
00:19:48,950 --> 00:19:47,679
design of the europa lander

663
00:19:51,350 --> 00:19:48,960
um and so would you mind just telling

664
00:19:51,990 --> 00:19:51,360
our audience about this idea of landing

665
00:19:53,750 --> 00:19:52,000
a spacecraft

666
00:19:55,750 --> 00:19:53,760
on europa as well and what we might do

667
00:19:58,310 --> 00:19:55,760
if we actually send that there

668
00:19:59,909 --> 00:19:58,320
yeah so once we've studied europa from

669
00:20:01,510 --> 00:19:59,919
orbit and so europa clipper it's going

670
00:20:04,070 --> 00:20:01,520
to be in orbit around jupiter

671
00:20:06,310 --> 00:20:04,080
with multiple close flybys like 40 or 50

672
00:20:08,549 --> 00:20:06,320
close flybys of europa

673
00:20:10,149 --> 00:20:08,559
but if you really want to study the

674
00:20:10,870 --> 00:20:10,159
composition of europe and if you really

675
00:20:13,909 --> 00:20:10,880
want to do an

676
00:20:15,990 --> 00:20:13,919
actual search for biosignatures so bio

677
00:20:19,430 --> 00:20:16,000
signatures are basically signs of life

678
00:20:21,590 --> 00:20:19,440
so materials that were

679
00:20:23,750 --> 00:20:21,600
that that must have been made in the

680
00:20:25,510 --> 00:20:23,760
presence of life or made by life

681
00:20:27,510 --> 00:20:25,520
right so if you really want to look for

682
00:20:29,350 --> 00:20:27,520
bio signatures you've got to land

683
00:20:30,870 --> 00:20:29,360
you've got to touch the surface and so

684
00:20:31,750 --> 00:20:30,880
the the picture in back of me so this is

685
00:20:32,950 --> 00:20:31,760
the europa lander

686
00:20:34,870 --> 00:20:32,960
i'm moving because i'm blocking the

687
00:20:37,750 --> 00:20:34,880
lander but so the idea is that

688
00:20:39,190 --> 00:20:37,760
you land on the surface of europa and so

689
00:20:40,950 --> 00:20:39,200
i've been working with this europa

690
00:20:42,950 --> 00:20:40,960
lander mission concept so

691
00:20:45,110 --> 00:20:42,960
this is not an approved nasa mission yet

692
00:20:47,110 --> 00:20:45,120
right it's a concept it's a study

693
00:20:48,470 --> 00:20:47,120
but it's a very high fidelity you know

694
00:20:50,470 --> 00:20:48,480
mature concept

695
00:20:52,390 --> 00:20:50,480
so if you know somebody arrived with a

696
00:20:54,070 --> 00:20:52,400
big bucket of dollars and said hey build

697
00:20:54,950 --> 00:20:54,080
me a mission to europa i'd say okay and

698
00:20:56,390 --> 00:20:54,960
i'd push the button

699
00:20:58,630 --> 00:20:56,400
and we'd start building this thing that

700
00:20:59,510 --> 00:20:58,640
would land on the surface um and so the

701
00:21:02,070 --> 00:20:59,520
idea is that

702
00:21:04,230 --> 00:21:02,080
you land and then you have like a like a

703
00:21:06,070 --> 00:21:04,240
saw or some other kind of sampling

704
00:21:08,549 --> 00:21:06,080
or you know instrument on the end of an

705
00:21:09,669 --> 00:21:08,559
arm you dig below the surface so you

706
00:21:10,950 --> 00:21:09,679
you don't want to sample the stuff

707
00:21:13,190 --> 00:21:10,960
that's right at the surface because

708
00:21:14,630 --> 00:21:13,200
that's just been fried by radiation

709
00:21:16,710 --> 00:21:14,640
so you want to go down a little bit

710
00:21:18,070 --> 00:21:16,720
deeper so where the ice can protect

711
00:21:19,909 --> 00:21:18,080
any of these materials from that

712
00:21:20,950 --> 00:21:19,919
radiation you want to scoop up some of

713
00:21:22,630 --> 00:21:20,960
that material

714
00:21:24,310 --> 00:21:22,640
you want to get it into your spacecraft

715
00:21:25,750 --> 00:21:24,320
and then you have these onboard chemical

716
00:21:28,149 --> 00:21:25,760
analysis instruments

717
00:21:29,669 --> 00:21:28,159
that will be able to tell you what's in

718
00:21:30,070 --> 00:21:29,679
that material and that will be able to

719
00:21:32,230 --> 00:21:30,080
look

720
00:21:33,190 --> 00:21:32,240
for these bio signatures these signs of

721
00:21:35,909 --> 00:21:33,200
life

722
00:21:37,350 --> 00:21:35,919
and so this would just be an amazing

723
00:21:38,470 --> 00:21:37,360
mission because it would really be one

724
00:21:40,470 --> 00:21:38,480
of our first

725
00:21:42,230 --> 00:21:40,480
you know since the viking missions the

726
00:21:43,590 --> 00:21:42,240
viking landers that went to mars back in

727
00:21:45,430 --> 00:21:43,600
the 1970s

728
00:21:47,110 --> 00:21:45,440
those were explicit you know

729
00:21:49,110 --> 00:21:47,120
astrobiology we didn't even have the

730
00:21:51,669 --> 00:21:49,120
word astrobiology back then but

731
00:21:52,789 --> 00:21:51,679
those were life detection missions and

732
00:21:54,630 --> 00:21:52,799
what we could do

733
00:21:56,310 --> 00:21:54,640
on europa with this europa lander

734
00:21:58,390 --> 00:21:56,320
mission concept is

735
00:22:01,590 --> 00:21:58,400
look for bio signatures look for signs

736
00:22:03,590 --> 00:22:01,600
of life and it would just be amazing

737
00:22:05,029 --> 00:22:03,600
awesome yeah i was super fortunate in

738
00:22:05,750 --> 00:22:05,039
graduate school to do research at a

739
00:22:07,830 --> 00:22:05,760
place called

740
00:22:09,750 --> 00:22:07,840
fjord pass up in the canadian high

741
00:22:10,470 --> 00:22:09,760
arctic which is one of our analogs on

742
00:22:12,310 --> 00:22:10,480
earth

743
00:22:13,669 --> 00:22:12,320
for europa and specifically for the

744
00:22:14,549 --> 00:22:13,679
kinds of instruments that we might

745
00:22:17,029 --> 00:22:14,559
employ

746
00:22:18,470 --> 00:22:17,039
on a lander mission and so i'm super

747
00:22:20,149 --> 00:22:18,480
hopeful that the lander will eventually

748
00:22:23,270 --> 00:22:20,159
be funded and that we'll see

749
00:22:24,710 --> 00:22:23,280
a lander going to europa as well i do

750
00:22:26,630 --> 00:22:24,720
want to mine the audience watching

751
00:22:28,710 --> 00:22:26,640
on segonnet on the nasa astrobiology

752
00:22:29,909 --> 00:22:28,720
facebook page if you have questions for

753
00:22:32,789 --> 00:22:29,919
dr phillips about

754
00:22:34,470 --> 00:22:32,799
europa or other icy worlds about her

755
00:22:36,230 --> 00:22:34,480
research and studying the geology of

756
00:22:37,669 --> 00:22:36,240
these moons of our solar system

757
00:22:38,950 --> 00:22:37,679
feel free to drop those in the chat and

758
00:22:40,630 --> 00:22:38,960
we'll start adding those to our

759
00:22:43,190 --> 00:22:40,640
teleprompter for me then

760
00:22:44,789 --> 00:22:43,200
to ask dr phillips here shortly i do

761
00:22:47,029 --> 00:22:44,799
want to chat just for a moment

762
00:22:48,789 --> 00:22:47,039
i know you've done a lot of public

763
00:22:50,470 --> 00:22:48,799
engagement community engagement in the

764
00:22:51,590 --> 00:22:50,480
sciences as well

765
00:22:54,070 --> 00:22:51,600
you've done things like going to

766
00:22:55,590 --> 00:22:54,080
comic-con and south by southwest and and

767
00:22:57,190 --> 00:22:55,600
shared science i wonder if you could

768
00:22:59,350 --> 00:22:57,200
speak to our audience

769
00:23:00,310 --> 00:22:59,360
about your vision of the importance of

770
00:23:01,990 --> 00:23:00,320
sharing science

771
00:23:03,430 --> 00:23:02,000
and and maybe what that has meant for

772
00:23:05,830 --> 00:23:03,440
you in your own career to have a chance

773
00:23:08,630 --> 00:23:05,840
to speak to others about your work

774
00:23:10,470 --> 00:23:08,640
yeah absolutely um one of the one of the

775
00:23:11,990 --> 00:23:10,480
most amazing things about my job is that

776
00:23:14,630 --> 00:23:12,000
you know it's just that i get to do it

777
00:23:17,590 --> 00:23:14,640
right and i love sharing that excitement

778
00:23:19,669 --> 00:23:17,600
about about europa about what i do about

779
00:23:21,350 --> 00:23:19,679
you know this little ice covered world

780
00:23:21,990 --> 00:23:21,360
that's like the size of our moon but it

781
00:23:24,390 --> 00:23:22,000
looks so

782
00:23:26,470 --> 00:23:24,400
totally different like i love talking to

783
00:23:27,430 --> 00:23:26,480
students to classes to the general

784
00:23:29,430 --> 00:23:27,440
public

785
00:23:30,630 --> 00:23:29,440
um and so so yeah when i get the

786
00:23:32,230 --> 00:23:30,640
opportunity to do these

787
00:23:34,230 --> 00:23:32,240
bigger like higher profile kind of

788
00:23:35,990 --> 00:23:34,240
science communications events

789
00:23:37,750 --> 00:23:36,000
it's just fabulous it's fabulous to go

790
00:23:39,750 --> 00:23:37,760
to somewhere like you know san diego

791
00:23:41,350 --> 00:23:39,760
comic-con or south by southwest

792
00:23:43,669 --> 00:23:41,360
where you know you'll have panels with

793
00:23:45,590 --> 00:23:43,679
like actors from these amazing tv shows

794
00:23:47,350 --> 00:23:45,600
and you know comic book artists and

795
00:23:48,950 --> 00:23:47,360
you know all of the all of the you know

796
00:23:50,630 --> 00:23:48,960
the cosplay and the amazing

797
00:23:53,110 --> 00:23:50,640
people that are there and then you have

798
00:23:55,269 --> 00:23:53,120
like a nasa track or a science track

799
00:23:57,269 --> 00:23:55,279
and you have a couple of nasa panels and

800
00:23:58,710 --> 00:23:57,279
you know they're hugely popular like we

801
00:24:00,710 --> 00:23:58,720
get huge audiences okay

802
00:24:02,149 --> 00:24:00,720
maybe not as much as the cast of the

803
00:24:03,830 --> 00:24:02,159
latest avengers movie but

804
00:24:05,909 --> 00:24:03,840
you know still like there's a lot of

805
00:24:06,549 --> 00:24:05,919
interest and i think what that shows is

806
00:24:15,029 --> 00:24:06,559
that

807
00:24:16,470 --> 00:24:15,039
it's about you know what can you dream

808
00:24:18,230 --> 00:24:16,480
and how can you make those dreams

809
00:24:19,350 --> 00:24:18,240
reality and whether you're making them

810
00:24:21,830 --> 00:24:19,360
reality through

811
00:24:22,870 --> 00:24:21,840
a movie or through a comic book or you

812
00:24:24,870 --> 00:24:22,880
know through actually building a

813
00:24:26,710 --> 00:24:24,880
spacecraft and going there and seeing

814
00:24:28,870 --> 00:24:26,720
what would it look like on europa right

815
00:24:29,669 --> 00:24:28,880
the ties between science and science

816
00:24:31,990 --> 00:24:29,679
fiction

817
00:24:33,510 --> 00:24:32,000
um they're so close right so many of us

818
00:24:35,029 --> 00:24:33,520
who went into science i mean i watched

819
00:24:36,630 --> 00:24:35,039
star trek as a kid right i mean

820
00:24:38,230 --> 00:24:36,640
you know we're we're obsessed with

821
00:24:40,950 --> 00:24:38,240
science fiction because

822
00:24:42,710 --> 00:24:40,960
that's sort of a view of the future and

823
00:24:44,950 --> 00:24:42,720
we get the privilege of trying to figure

824
00:24:47,669 --> 00:24:44,960
out how to make that view reality

825
00:24:48,549 --> 00:24:47,679
awesome uh before we move on and in our

826
00:24:50,950 --> 00:24:48,559
discussion here

827
00:24:52,870 --> 00:24:50,960
dr phillips we asked another question

828
00:24:54,149 --> 00:24:52,880
through the nasa astrobiology twitter

829
00:24:56,390 --> 00:24:54,159
profile

830
00:24:58,310 --> 00:24:56,400
we shared one of your favorite pictures

831
00:25:00,310 --> 00:24:58,320
from the solar system

832
00:25:02,950 --> 00:25:00,320
and we asked folks online if they could

833
00:25:04,630 --> 00:25:02,960
actually tell us where that location was

834
00:25:07,029 --> 00:25:04,640
uh and so that image is popping up right

835
00:25:07,909 --> 00:25:07,039
now on our screens for everyone at home

836
00:25:10,630 --> 00:25:07,919
to see

837
00:25:11,269 --> 00:25:10,640
uh it's a beautiful colored image from

838
00:25:14,870 --> 00:25:11,279
the moon

839
00:25:17,590 --> 00:25:14,880
io or eo depending on your pronunciation

840
00:25:19,110 --> 00:25:17,600
it's a region called coulomb patera on

841
00:25:21,430 --> 00:25:19,120
io and io is

842
00:25:23,350 --> 00:25:21,440
a very volcanically active world it's

843
00:25:26,390 --> 00:25:23,360
spewing volcanic material including

844
00:25:27,190 --> 00:25:26,400
lots of sulfur out into orbit around

845
00:25:29,350 --> 00:25:27,200
jupiter

846
00:25:30,230 --> 00:25:29,360
uh and so we want to mention uh marianne

847
00:25:33,029 --> 00:25:30,240
denton at

848
00:25:33,390 --> 00:25:33,039
astro underscore limno and matt thompson

849
00:25:36,390 --> 00:25:33,400
at

850
00:25:38,630 --> 00:25:36,400
mftomster on twitter for

851
00:25:39,510 --> 00:25:38,640
getting it right that it was on io and

852
00:25:41,110 --> 00:25:39,520
then the winner

853
00:25:42,789 --> 00:25:41,120
who actually got the right location of

854
00:25:45,909 --> 00:25:42,799
coulomb patera as well

855
00:25:47,510 --> 00:25:45,919
is ana route mohanty at strayologist

856
00:25:49,510 --> 00:25:47,520
so thanks everyone for all of your

857
00:25:51,350 --> 00:25:49,520
wonderful answers for getting involved

858
00:25:52,710 --> 00:25:51,360
um with us there and a reminder for the

859
00:25:54,789 --> 00:25:52,720
audience i am going to jump over to our

860
00:25:55,669 --> 00:25:54,799
q a and start asking your questions very

861
00:25:57,269 --> 00:25:55,679
soon so

862
00:25:59,110 --> 00:25:57,279
feel free to drop any questions you have

863
00:25:59,430 --> 00:25:59,120
for dr phillips in the chats right now

864
00:26:00,870 --> 00:25:59,440
and

865
00:26:02,630 --> 00:26:00,880
we'll do our best to get to as many of

866
00:26:04,789 --> 00:26:02,640
those as we possibly can

867
00:26:07,430 --> 00:26:04,799
um just before we move on i do want to

868
00:26:09,430 --> 00:26:07,440
know uh for all of us in the sciences we

869
00:26:11,350 --> 00:26:09,440
also have many other things that are

870
00:26:12,549 --> 00:26:11,360
are driving us you know our hobbies and

871
00:26:14,710 --> 00:26:12,559
other activities

872
00:26:15,990 --> 00:26:14,720
things that kind of keep us going i

873
00:26:17,669 --> 00:26:16,000
understand that you're a big fan of

874
00:26:19,190 --> 00:26:17,679
science fiction for instance

875
00:26:21,029 --> 00:26:19,200
um i wonder if you could talk to us

876
00:26:22,310 --> 00:26:21,039
about the things that that can inspire

877
00:26:25,269 --> 00:26:22,320
you and keep you going

878
00:26:26,070 --> 00:26:25,279
outside of the science that you do yeah

879
00:26:28,230 --> 00:26:26,080
sure i mean

880
00:26:29,909 --> 00:26:28,240
i have five kids and so honestly you

881
00:26:31,110 --> 00:26:29,919
know i don't have time between work and

882
00:26:32,149 --> 00:26:31,120
kids i don't have that much time for

883
00:26:33,909 --> 00:26:32,159
hobbies but

884
00:26:36,149 --> 00:26:33,919
i'm a huge science fiction fan and so

885
00:26:37,750 --> 00:26:36,159
i've been really you know i grew up on

886
00:26:39,110 --> 00:26:37,760
star trek on star trek the next

887
00:26:40,630 --> 00:26:39,120
generation and then i went back and

888
00:26:41,990 --> 00:26:40,640
watched the original series which was

889
00:26:43,669 --> 00:26:42,000
you know before my time but of course

890
00:26:45,990 --> 00:26:43,679
within reruns so

891
00:26:48,230 --> 00:26:46,000
yeah i'm a big fan of sort of like that

892
00:26:50,070 --> 00:26:48,240
the the positive but the sort of

893
00:26:51,350 --> 00:26:50,080
realistic views of what a future might

894
00:26:53,750 --> 00:26:51,360
be like and so

895
00:26:55,430 --> 00:26:53,760
recently i've been enjoying um shows

896
00:26:56,710 --> 00:26:55,440
like the expanse you know the books but

897
00:26:58,549 --> 00:26:56,720
also the show is just they're they're

898
00:27:01,830 --> 00:26:58,559
amazing they're probably the most like

899
00:27:03,590 --> 00:27:01,840
scientifically accurate um depictions of

900
00:27:05,590 --> 00:27:03,600
you know a near future where we've

901
00:27:07,590 --> 00:27:05,600
inhabited and you know we're living in

902
00:27:09,110 --> 00:27:07,600
the solar system that i've seen um

903
00:27:10,630 --> 00:27:09,120
i keep waiting for them to go to europa

904
00:27:13,029 --> 00:27:10,640
and they haven't yet but you know

905
00:27:14,230 --> 00:27:13,039
i'm watching for it yeah i i really hope

906
00:27:15,669 --> 00:27:14,240
so it'd be awesome

907
00:27:17,269 --> 00:27:15,679
yeah i've read the books as well and i'm

908
00:27:19,029 --> 00:27:17,279
kind of sad that they only have one more

909
00:27:20,710 --> 00:27:19,039
season now of the show because

910
00:27:22,230 --> 00:27:20,720
books seven and eight kind of go into a

911
00:27:24,149 --> 00:27:22,240
much bigger place

912
00:27:26,310 --> 00:27:24,159
um cosmically speaking for science

913
00:27:27,750 --> 00:27:26,320
fiction um which is pretty awesome so

914
00:27:29,510 --> 00:27:27,760
hopefully they'll do europa eventually

915
00:27:31,669 --> 00:27:29,520
that would be pretty cool um

916
00:27:33,350 --> 00:27:31,679
if they did that i think we will move

917
00:27:34,950 --> 00:27:33,360
now to our audience q a

918
00:27:36,470 --> 00:27:34,960
uh we do have a bunch of questions

919
00:27:38,470 --> 00:27:36,480
rolling in already

920
00:27:39,750 --> 00:27:38,480
um so let's start off with a question

921
00:27:41,430 --> 00:27:39,760
from facebook

922
00:27:42,870 --> 00:27:41,440
from rebecca jennifer jennifer

923
00:27:44,630 --> 00:27:42,880
elderbrock

924
00:27:46,470 --> 00:27:44,640
rebecca wants to know what is the most

925
00:27:48,149 --> 00:27:46,480
important physics or astronomy class

926
00:27:49,990 --> 00:27:48,159
that you took in undergrad

927
00:27:51,190 --> 00:27:50,000
that prepared you to get accepted into

928
00:27:53,510 --> 00:27:51,200
graduate school

929
00:27:54,230 --> 00:27:53,520
um that's a really that's a really good

930
00:27:56,149 --> 00:27:54,240
question

931
00:27:57,430 --> 00:27:56,159
and i would say that probably the most

932
00:28:00,230 --> 00:27:57,440
important thing that i did as an

933
00:28:03,269 --> 00:28:00,240
undergrad was to do research

934
00:28:05,269 --> 00:28:03,279
so we had we had a couple of different

935
00:28:07,350 --> 00:28:05,279
um they were called tutorial sessions

936
00:28:09,669 --> 00:28:07,360
but basically you sort of like

937
00:28:11,029 --> 00:28:09,679
you met with various members of the

938
00:28:12,470 --> 00:28:11,039
astronomy department

939
00:28:13,909 --> 00:28:12,480
and then you kind of picked one of them

940
00:28:15,669 --> 00:28:13,919
as a sophomore to like write a little

941
00:28:17,269 --> 00:28:15,679
research paper with and then

942
00:28:19,350 --> 00:28:17,279
you could you know kind of move on and

943
00:28:21,269 --> 00:28:19,360
do a different one in your junior year

944
00:28:23,190 --> 00:28:21,279
um and then and then i did you know a

945
00:28:25,190 --> 00:28:23,200
senior thesis as a senior

946
00:28:27,269 --> 00:28:25,200
um and so getting involved with with

947
00:28:29,029 --> 00:28:27,279
research as an undergraduate

948
00:28:30,470 --> 00:28:29,039
i think that that was really one of the

949
00:28:33,029 --> 00:28:30,480
key things i mean obviously you want to

950
00:28:34,950 --> 00:28:33,039
do well in your core classes

951
00:28:36,630 --> 00:28:34,960
but you want to really you know worry

952
00:28:38,710 --> 00:28:36,640
about grades but really also worry about

953
00:28:40,389 --> 00:28:38,720
just having a deep understanding of the

954
00:28:42,710 --> 00:28:40,399
fundamentals of you know whether you're

955
00:28:45,269 --> 00:28:42,720
in physics or chemistry or geology

956
00:28:46,789 --> 00:28:45,279
or you know astronomy um but really it's

957
00:28:47,990 --> 00:28:46,799
the opportunity to sort of get your feet

958
00:28:49,510 --> 00:28:48,000
wet with research and

959
00:28:51,110 --> 00:28:49,520
you know do one of these there's these

960
00:28:52,389 --> 00:28:51,120
research experience or undergraduate

961
00:28:53,590 --> 00:28:52,399
summer programs you can do where you

962
00:28:55,350 --> 00:28:53,600
actually get paid

963
00:28:57,350 --> 00:28:55,360
you know to go somewhere for a summer

964
00:28:59,190 --> 00:28:57,360
and do research right and with coveted

965
00:29:01,190 --> 00:28:59,200
times that's harder these days but

966
00:29:02,630 --> 00:29:01,200
it's such a great opportunity to see if

967
00:29:04,470 --> 00:29:02,640
you like it right before you get to

968
00:29:06,389 --> 00:29:04,480
graduate school

969
00:29:07,590 --> 00:29:06,399
yeah i agree entirely i was very lucky i

970
00:29:09,430 --> 00:29:07,600
did an reu

971
00:29:10,950 --> 00:29:09,440
at the graduate school of oceanography

972
00:29:11,750 --> 00:29:10,960
as well as an internship at the nasa

973
00:29:13,430 --> 00:29:11,760
academy

974
00:29:15,590 --> 00:29:13,440
at ames and those things as undergrads

975
00:29:16,070 --> 00:29:15,600
were really important in my future

976
00:29:17,590 --> 00:29:16,080
career

977
00:29:19,590 --> 00:29:17,600
and kind of helping me figure out what i

978
00:29:21,590 --> 00:29:19,600
wanted to do as well

979
00:29:23,029 --> 00:29:21,600
now you are working now at nasa's jet

980
00:29:24,870 --> 00:29:23,039
propulsion laboratory

981
00:29:26,310 --> 00:29:24,880
we have another question from facebook

982
00:29:27,750 --> 00:29:26,320
from stephanie carr

983
00:29:30,789 --> 00:29:27,760
uh stephanie wants to know what your

984
00:29:33,190 --> 00:29:30,799
typical work day actually looks like

985
00:29:33,990 --> 00:29:33,200
that's a great question and um you know

986
00:29:35,669 --> 00:29:34,000
you've seen those

987
00:29:37,269 --> 00:29:35,679
those little internet memes where it's

988
00:29:38,630 --> 00:29:37,279
like you know what i think i do and what

989
00:29:40,389 --> 00:29:38,640
my parents think i do and what i

990
00:29:41,510 --> 00:29:40,399
actually do right so you know if you

991
00:29:42,950 --> 00:29:41,520
apply one of those there's one of those

992
00:29:44,389 --> 00:29:42,960
about working at nasa where it's like

993
00:29:45,909 --> 00:29:44,399
what i think i do and it's like you know

994
00:29:47,430 --> 00:29:45,919
you're in a spacesuit and

995
00:29:48,789 --> 00:29:47,440
what my parents think i do and you're

996
00:29:49,430 --> 00:29:48,799
like flying the millennium falcon or

997
00:29:51,029 --> 00:29:49,440
something and then

998
00:29:52,549 --> 00:29:51,039
what i actually do and it's a picture of

999
00:29:54,389 --> 00:29:52,559
people at a conference room and

1000
00:29:56,710 --> 00:29:54,399
you're having a meeting and you know

1001
00:29:59,669 --> 00:29:56,720
honestly it's a lot of meetings

1002
00:30:01,190 --> 00:29:59,679
but you know that said some of those

1003
00:30:03,110 --> 00:30:01,200
meetings are amazing right so

1004
00:30:04,789 --> 00:30:03,120
we'll be we'll be talking we'll be in

1005
00:30:06,230 --> 00:30:04,799
one meeting where we're talking about

1006
00:30:07,510 --> 00:30:06,240
okay how are we going to get these two

1007
00:30:08,070 --> 00:30:07,520
instruments on the europa clipper

1008
00:30:09,990 --> 00:30:08,080
spacecraft

1009
00:30:11,110 --> 00:30:10,000
to work together is there a conflict or

1010
00:30:13,110 --> 00:30:11,120
you know can they both take

1011
00:30:14,789 --> 00:30:13,120
observations at the same time and then

1012
00:30:16,389 --> 00:30:14,799
it'll be in another meeting where it's

1013
00:30:17,909 --> 00:30:16,399
you know we're talking about a future

1014
00:30:20,149 --> 00:30:17,919
you know a mission concept we're

1015
00:30:21,430 --> 00:30:20,159
like wow could we actually like drive

1016
00:30:21,990 --> 00:30:21,440
something around on the surface of

1017
00:30:23,590 --> 00:30:22,000
enceladus

1018
00:30:25,510 --> 00:30:23,600
or is the gravity too low so i'll be in

1019
00:30:26,950 --> 00:30:25,520
a meeting like that and then i'll be in

1020
00:30:29,029 --> 00:30:26,960
a meeting so i'm also the science

1021
00:30:30,789 --> 00:30:29,039
communications lead for europa clipper

1022
00:30:32,310 --> 00:30:30,799
so i'll be in a meeting where we're like

1023
00:30:34,310 --> 00:30:32,320
wow you know we're working on our new

1024
00:30:35,750 --> 00:30:34,320
graphic identifier design and you know

1025
00:30:36,230 --> 00:30:35,760
what should it look like and how are we

1026
00:30:38,710 --> 00:30:36,240
gonna get

1027
00:30:40,230 --> 00:30:38,720
get across the whole spirit of europa to

1028
00:30:41,830 --> 00:30:40,240
the general public

1029
00:30:43,350 --> 00:30:41,840
um and then i'll be in another meeting

1030
00:30:46,149 --> 00:30:43,360
where we're like okay

1031
00:30:47,029 --> 00:30:46,159
we're gonna plan a conference to talk

1032
00:30:49,190 --> 00:30:47,039
about

1033
00:30:51,269 --> 00:30:49,200
how we're gonna how we're gonna study

1034
00:30:52,870 --> 00:30:51,279
the surface of europa with instruments

1035
00:30:54,549 --> 00:30:52,880
that are on a landed spacecraft so

1036
00:30:56,310 --> 00:30:54,559
you know it's really it's a lot of these

1037
00:30:58,950 --> 00:30:56,320
working with different teams of people

1038
00:31:01,590 --> 00:30:58,960
in a very collaborative way

1039
00:31:03,110 --> 00:31:01,600
awesome uh that i mean it's so important

1040
00:31:03,509 --> 00:31:03,120
the science to know how to work in teams

1041
00:31:04,710 --> 00:31:03,519
i mean

1042
00:31:06,789 --> 00:31:04,720
that's a really important thing for us

1043
00:31:08,470 --> 00:31:06,799
all to remember uh our next question

1044
00:31:11,350 --> 00:31:08,480
comes from segon net uh

1045
00:31:12,549 --> 00:31:11,360
a user named omar a lady uh wants to

1046
00:31:14,549 --> 00:31:12,559
know for the landing

1047
00:31:15,909 --> 00:31:14,559
uh for for a lander mission if a landing

1048
00:31:17,430 --> 00:31:15,919
site has been chosen

1049
00:31:19,430 --> 00:31:17,440
and what reasons would be for choosing

1050
00:31:20,149 --> 00:31:19,440
that site um and i think it's pretty

1051
00:31:21,990 --> 00:31:20,159
important for

1052
00:31:23,830 --> 00:31:22,000
for uh him and for others to know you

1053
00:31:25,029 --> 00:31:23,840
know that the lander is still a concept

1054
00:31:26,630 --> 00:31:25,039
and the important thing you mentioned

1055
00:31:27,269 --> 00:31:26,640
earlier is that clipper is going there

1056
00:31:28,630 --> 00:31:27,279
first

1057
00:31:30,470 --> 00:31:28,640
so i wonder if you could speak about the

1058
00:31:31,990 --> 00:31:30,480
importance of using clipper to find a

1059
00:31:34,310 --> 00:31:32,000
landing site

1060
00:31:35,909 --> 00:31:34,320
yeah sure so i actually am and one of

1061
00:31:37,669 --> 00:31:35,919
the the co-chairs of what's called the

1062
00:31:39,830 --> 00:31:37,679
reconnaissance focus group

1063
00:31:41,750 --> 00:31:39,840
and so this is a group that that it's

1064
00:31:43,029 --> 00:31:41,760
sort of in between europa clipper

1065
00:31:45,029 --> 00:31:43,039
which is you know again it's like an

1066
00:31:46,310 --> 00:31:45,039
approved mission it's going and europa

1067
00:31:47,110 --> 00:31:46,320
lander which is still this mission

1068
00:31:49,509 --> 00:31:47,120
concept

1069
00:31:50,549 --> 00:31:49,519
so what we want to do is make sure that

1070
00:31:53,269 --> 00:31:50,559
europa clipper

1071
00:31:55,110 --> 00:31:53,279
takes the right data set so that a

1072
00:31:56,710 --> 00:31:55,120
future follow-up whether it's you know

1073
00:31:57,669 --> 00:31:56,720
the europa lander mission concept that

1074
00:32:00,070 --> 00:31:57,679
i've been working on

1075
00:32:01,110 --> 00:32:00,080
or some other mission it's going to need

1076
00:32:03,269 --> 00:32:01,120
to use the data

1077
00:32:04,389 --> 00:32:03,279
taken by europa clipper to find a

1078
00:32:06,389 --> 00:32:04,399
landing site

1079
00:32:07,590 --> 00:32:06,399
and so when you're looking for a landing

1080
00:32:09,509 --> 00:32:07,600
site in europa

1081
00:32:11,350 --> 00:32:09,519
there's sort of two categories of

1082
00:32:13,430 --> 00:32:11,360
information you need the first

1083
00:32:15,190 --> 00:32:13,440
is you want to find some place that's

1084
00:32:16,870 --> 00:32:15,200
scientifically interesting

1085
00:32:18,549 --> 00:32:16,880
right the last thing you want to do is

1086
00:32:19,830 --> 00:32:18,559
land in europa and you pick like this

1087
00:32:20,549 --> 00:32:19,840
place you're like oh it looks amazing

1088
00:32:22,310 --> 00:32:20,559
you land there

1089
00:32:23,509 --> 00:32:22,320
and all there is is ice there's nothing

1090
00:32:25,190 --> 00:32:23,519
else right that would be really

1091
00:32:26,470 --> 00:32:25,200
disappointing because we're going there

1092
00:32:27,990 --> 00:32:26,480
you know we know there's ice on your

1093
00:32:28,789 --> 00:32:28,000
upper right we don't need to go there to

1094
00:32:30,389 --> 00:32:28,799
know there's eyes

1095
00:32:32,389 --> 00:32:30,399
we want to look for the good stuff the

1096
00:32:32,950 --> 00:32:32,399
other stuff right other biosignatures

1097
00:32:35,190 --> 00:32:32,960
are there

1098
00:32:37,110 --> 00:32:35,200
interesting chemicals on the surface

1099
00:32:38,950 --> 00:32:37,120
right so you want to pick a place that's

1100
00:32:41,990 --> 00:32:38,960
scientifically interesting

1101
00:32:45,029 --> 00:32:42,000
but you also have to pick a place that's

1102
00:32:47,269 --> 00:32:45,039
safe engineering-wise to land on and so

1103
00:32:48,549 --> 00:32:47,279
this is always the the tension when

1104
00:32:49,909 --> 00:32:48,559
you're choosing a landing site

1105
00:32:51,509 --> 00:32:49,919
because the scientists are like oh if we

1106
00:32:52,950 --> 00:32:51,519
could only land halfway up that cliff

1107
00:32:54,549 --> 00:32:52,960
look there's this amazing thing there

1108
00:32:56,710 --> 00:32:54,559
and then the engineer's like no you're

1109
00:32:58,230 --> 00:32:56,720
landing on this completely flat plane i

1110
00:32:59,990 --> 00:32:58,240
don't care how boring it is this is

1111
00:33:01,830 --> 00:33:00,000
where we can put our spacecraft

1112
00:33:03,590 --> 00:33:01,840
and so this is what we're working on is

1113
00:33:04,389 --> 00:33:03,600
how can we make sure that europa clipper

1114
00:33:06,389 --> 00:33:04,399
collects

1115
00:33:08,470 --> 00:33:06,399
the right data sets all the information

1116
00:33:10,149 --> 00:33:08,480
we need not just from the cameras but

1117
00:33:12,149 --> 00:33:10,159
with all the other instruments so that

1118
00:33:14,789 --> 00:33:12,159
we can choose a place to land that's

1119
00:33:16,630 --> 00:33:14,799
scientifically interesting but is also

1120
00:33:18,950 --> 00:33:16,640
satisfies these engineering safety

1121
00:33:20,470 --> 00:33:18,960
criteria

1122
00:33:21,990 --> 00:33:20,480
yeah and so for people you know for

1123
00:33:23,430 --> 00:33:22,000
instance when we see you know mars and

1124
00:33:24,470 --> 00:33:23,440
we're landing there people see that big

1125
00:33:25,669 --> 00:33:24,480
ellipse where

1126
00:33:27,269 --> 00:33:25,679
we're landing inside and there's these

1127
00:33:27,990 --> 00:33:27,279
landing site selection committees that

1128
00:33:30,310 --> 00:33:28,000
go through

1129
00:33:31,669 --> 00:33:30,320
a huge process of finding the site and

1130
00:33:33,669 --> 00:33:31,679
and for me myself like i mentioned

1131
00:33:34,870 --> 00:33:33,679
i've done research relevant to analogues

1132
00:33:37,190 --> 00:33:34,880
for for

1133
00:33:38,789 --> 00:33:37,200
europa and the landing mission and so

1134
00:33:40,630 --> 00:33:38,799
i'm super excited about the potential

1135
00:33:41,990 --> 00:33:40,640
for finding that right landing site and

1136
00:33:42,870 --> 00:33:42,000
for all of us in the community working

1137
00:33:44,870 --> 00:33:42,880
together

1138
00:33:46,310 --> 00:33:44,880
um especially you know under the

1139
00:33:47,909 --> 00:33:46,320
leadership of the clipper team to make

1140
00:33:49,029 --> 00:33:47,919
that work the best way we could possibly

1141
00:33:51,830 --> 00:33:49,039
can

1142
00:33:52,389 --> 00:33:51,840
let's jump into the ocean of europa now

1143
00:33:55,430 --> 00:33:52,399
uh

1144
00:33:57,830 --> 00:33:55,440
user at malik minorinjin

1145
00:33:59,509 --> 00:33:57,840
on twitter has a couple of questions

1146
00:34:02,470 --> 00:33:59,519
together about the water

1147
00:34:03,909 --> 00:34:02,480
inside of europa so they say yes europa

1148
00:34:06,470 --> 00:34:03,919
is a significant moon

1149
00:34:07,110 --> 00:34:06,480
but is the water really drinkable and

1150
00:34:10,310 --> 00:34:07,120
could we make

1151
00:34:11,349 --> 00:34:10,320
oxygen from that water so those are

1152
00:34:15,030 --> 00:34:11,359
really good questions

1153
00:34:16,550 --> 00:34:15,040
um so we know that we know that there's

1154
00:34:18,629 --> 00:34:16,560
water in europa from

1155
00:34:20,230 --> 00:34:18,639
these gravity measurements and also

1156
00:34:22,230 --> 00:34:20,240
these magnetic field measurements that

1157
00:34:23,190 --> 00:34:22,240
were made by the galileo spacecraft so

1158
00:34:25,829 --> 00:34:23,200
back in the

1159
00:34:27,510 --> 00:34:25,839
in the 1990s um so we know that there's

1160
00:34:29,669 --> 00:34:27,520
this layer on europa

1161
00:34:30,710 --> 00:34:29,679
that has a solid layer at the surface

1162
00:34:33,349 --> 00:34:30,720
with a density of

1163
00:34:34,790 --> 00:34:33,359
of water ice and then below that is this

1164
00:34:38,069 --> 00:34:34,800
layer of liquid water

1165
00:34:39,990 --> 00:34:38,079
and unfortunately the the density of

1166
00:34:41,190 --> 00:34:40,000
solid ice and liquid water they're so

1167
00:34:43,109 --> 00:34:41,200
close to each other that

1168
00:34:44,310 --> 00:34:43,119
the galileo spacecraft couldn't

1169
00:34:46,149 --> 00:34:44,320
completely determine

1170
00:34:47,349 --> 00:34:46,159
how much is frozen ice and how much is

1171
00:34:49,109 --> 00:34:47,359
liquid water

1172
00:34:50,470 --> 00:34:49,119
but we were able to use the magnetic

1173
00:34:53,349 --> 00:34:50,480
field measurements

1174
00:34:55,349 --> 00:34:53,359
to determine that there's this weird

1175
00:34:56,389 --> 00:34:55,359
induced magnetic field signal coming

1176
00:34:58,150 --> 00:34:56,399
from europa

1177
00:35:00,710 --> 00:34:58,160
and you know if you go through all the

1178
00:35:03,589 --> 00:35:00,720
calculations you realize that really

1179
00:35:05,190 --> 00:35:03,599
a global layer of salt water would give

1180
00:35:07,270 --> 00:35:05,200
us that conducting signature

1181
00:35:08,470 --> 00:35:07,280
so that's how we know it's salty and it

1182
00:35:09,349 --> 00:35:08,480
turns out it doesn't even have to be

1183
00:35:11,670 --> 00:35:09,359
that salty

1184
00:35:14,630 --> 00:35:11,680
it's actually less salty probably than

1185
00:35:16,310 --> 00:35:14,640
the sea water the ocean water on earth

1186
00:35:17,910 --> 00:35:16,320
and so you know you probably wouldn't

1187
00:35:19,430 --> 00:35:17,920
want to drink ocean water like if you're

1188
00:35:20,950 --> 00:35:19,440
a human because we're you know

1189
00:35:23,190 --> 00:35:20,960
we're used to drinking fresh water on

1190
00:35:24,390 --> 00:35:23,200
the land but there's plenty of creatures

1191
00:35:26,310 --> 00:35:24,400
that live in our ocean that are

1192
00:35:27,670 --> 00:35:26,320
perfectly happy living in that kind of

1193
00:35:30,069 --> 00:35:27,680
salty water

1194
00:35:31,589 --> 00:35:30,079
um so so i would say that yeah you know

1195
00:35:32,790 --> 00:35:31,599
maybe you personally wouldn't want to

1196
00:35:34,069 --> 00:35:32,800
drink it maybe it's good to like gargle

1197
00:35:35,349 --> 00:35:34,079
with and clean out your throat with

1198
00:35:37,349 --> 00:35:35,359
right but you probably wouldn't want to

1199
00:35:39,349 --> 00:35:37,359
drink it but it's not going to kill you

1200
00:35:40,950 --> 00:35:39,359
um but if you're a fish you'd be totally

1201
00:35:44,310 --> 00:35:40,960
happy to live in it

1202
00:35:47,589 --> 00:35:44,320
um in terms of making oxygen um

1203
00:35:50,069 --> 00:35:47,599
yeah you know so that's a possibility um

1204
00:35:51,190 --> 00:35:50,079
but you know i mean you if you do have

1205
00:35:53,270 --> 00:35:51,200
water or ice

1206
00:35:55,349 --> 00:35:53,280
um you know it's possible to to you know

1207
00:35:56,950 --> 00:35:55,359
to modify it to use it to try to do you

1208
00:35:59,349 --> 00:35:56,960
know do electrolysis and get some

1209
00:36:00,790 --> 00:35:59,359
oxygens off of it

1210
00:36:03,030 --> 00:36:00,800
but there's you know there's no

1211
00:36:05,190 --> 00:36:03,040
atmosphere on europa and so

1212
00:36:07,109 --> 00:36:05,200
that would probably be something where

1213
00:36:08,150 --> 00:36:07,119
way way in the future if we had a base

1214
00:36:09,990 --> 00:36:08,160
on europa

1215
00:36:12,069 --> 00:36:10,000
um maybe we could use either some of the

1216
00:36:13,589 --> 00:36:12,079
ice or the water to make oxygen that we

1217
00:36:15,190 --> 00:36:13,599
could breathe

1218
00:36:16,630 --> 00:36:15,200
awesome yeah i mean it's an interesting

1219
00:36:18,870 --> 00:36:16,640
question right like will we ever send

1220
00:36:20,310 --> 00:36:18,880
humans to europa and have a little

1221
00:36:22,390 --> 00:36:20,320
colony or habitat or

1222
00:36:23,910 --> 00:36:22,400
or you know there was a europa report

1223
00:36:25,589 --> 00:36:23,920
movie that came out some years ago

1224
00:36:26,069 --> 00:36:25,599
showing humans exploring europa with

1225
00:36:28,870 --> 00:36:26,079
some

1226
00:36:30,470 --> 00:36:28,880
creatures right under the ice and our

1227
00:36:32,710 --> 00:36:30,480
next question actually comes

1228
00:36:34,150 --> 00:36:32,720
from tom caruso from facebook who wants

1229
00:36:35,829 --> 00:36:34,160
to know a bit about that environment

1230
00:36:36,950 --> 00:36:35,839
that could be possible just under the

1231
00:36:38,870 --> 00:36:36,960
ice

1232
00:36:39,990 --> 00:36:38,880
so tom wants to know about these

1233
00:36:41,910 --> 00:36:40,000
possible environments in

1234
00:36:43,829 --> 00:36:41,920
inner ocean worlds just under the ice

1235
00:36:45,829 --> 00:36:43,839
could it be a brine channel

1236
00:36:46,950 --> 00:36:45,839
brine rejection or injection into the

1237
00:36:48,390 --> 00:36:46,960
channel

1238
00:36:50,150 --> 00:36:48,400
and what kind of communication do you

1239
00:36:52,550 --> 00:36:50,160
think exists between the surface and the

1240
00:36:53,750 --> 00:36:52,560
subsurface oceans in these worlds

1241
00:36:55,750 --> 00:36:53,760
yeah those are really excellent

1242
00:36:58,390 --> 00:36:55,760
questions um so

1243
00:36:59,670 --> 00:36:58,400
when we think about life or when we

1244
00:37:01,589 --> 00:36:59,680
think about environments

1245
00:37:04,230 --> 00:37:01,599
in the in the in an ocean layer on an

1246
00:37:06,790 --> 00:37:04,240
icy world one of the reasons why

1247
00:37:07,990 --> 00:37:06,800
europa is really at the top of our list

1248
00:37:10,310 --> 00:37:08,000
of places to go look

1249
00:37:11,750 --> 00:37:10,320
for a habitable environment it's not

1250
00:37:13,190 --> 00:37:11,760
just that europe is awesome but you know

1251
00:37:14,950 --> 00:37:13,200
i mean i'll stipulate to it just being

1252
00:37:16,950 --> 00:37:14,960
intrinsically awesome right but there

1253
00:37:18,710 --> 00:37:16,960
are good scientific reasons right and so

1254
00:37:20,310 --> 00:37:18,720
one of those reasons is actually so you

1255
00:37:20,630 --> 00:37:20,320
have this ice layer at the surface you

1256
00:37:22,550 --> 00:37:20,640
have an

1257
00:37:23,670 --> 00:37:22,560
ocean layer under it but then under that

1258
00:37:26,790 --> 00:37:23,680
ocean layer is

1259
00:37:28,950 --> 00:37:26,800
rock right so the rocky core of europa

1260
00:37:30,950 --> 00:37:28,960
um just like at the bottom of earth's

1261
00:37:31,750 --> 00:37:30,960
oceans there's a rocky layer at the

1262
00:37:34,150 --> 00:37:31,760
bottom

1263
00:37:34,950 --> 00:37:34,160
and so the reason why that's important

1264
00:37:37,750 --> 00:37:34,960
is that

1265
00:37:39,670 --> 00:37:37,760
on the earth if you go to the sea floor

1266
00:37:40,230 --> 00:37:39,680
you find these hydrothermal systems that

1267
00:37:42,790 --> 00:37:40,240
are at the

1268
00:37:43,270 --> 00:37:42,800
at the base of the ocean where you know

1269
00:37:47,430 --> 00:37:43,280
you have

1270
00:37:49,589 --> 00:37:47,440
almost like you know little volcanoes

1271
00:37:51,270 --> 00:37:49,599
and you have circulation between the

1272
00:37:53,349 --> 00:37:51,280
ocean the water layer

1273
00:37:54,950 --> 00:37:53,359
it circulates into the rock it picks up

1274
00:37:55,910 --> 00:37:54,960
all sorts of interesting minerals and

1275
00:37:57,910 --> 00:37:55,920
nutrients

1276
00:38:00,150 --> 00:37:57,920
and you have whole ecosystems that

1277
00:38:03,270 --> 00:38:00,160
survive and thrive down there

1278
00:38:04,069 --> 00:38:03,280
largely independent from the sun so when

1279
00:38:06,630 --> 00:38:04,079
we're thinking about

1280
00:38:07,510 --> 00:38:06,640
places on europa that maybe could be

1281
00:38:09,349 --> 00:38:07,520
habitable

1282
00:38:10,790 --> 00:38:09,359
the bottom of the ocean is actually one

1283
00:38:12,550 --> 00:38:10,800
of them and then

1284
00:38:14,550 --> 00:38:12,560
the other one is sort of the top of the

1285
00:38:16,230 --> 00:38:14,560
ocean so so the the questioner was

1286
00:38:18,150 --> 00:38:16,240
asking about what's going on at that

1287
00:38:20,150 --> 00:38:18,160
the ice water interface so at the bottom

1288
00:38:22,150 --> 00:38:20,160
of the ice layer at the top of the ocean

1289
00:38:24,069 --> 00:38:22,160
um and so there yeah we think that we

1290
00:38:25,670 --> 00:38:24,079
see all these cracks on the surface

1291
00:38:27,190 --> 00:38:25,680
and so really one of the unanswered

1292
00:38:29,349 --> 00:38:27,200
questions is

1293
00:38:30,630 --> 00:38:29,359
can a crack that goes all the way from

1294
00:38:32,390 --> 00:38:30,640
the ocean layer make it

1295
00:38:34,150 --> 00:38:32,400
up close to the surface or you know

1296
00:38:36,390 --> 00:38:34,160
almost all the way to the surface

1297
00:38:39,030 --> 00:38:36,400
if that's it's hard to hold a crack open

1298
00:38:41,349 --> 00:38:39,040
through you know 10-15 kilometers of ice

1299
00:38:42,310 --> 00:38:41,359
right that's that's pretty deep um and

1300
00:38:44,150 --> 00:38:42,320
so

1301
00:38:46,310 --> 00:38:44,160
that's really a question could you get

1302
00:38:46,870 --> 00:38:46,320
some of the brine some of the the salty

1303
00:38:48,870 --> 00:38:46,880
water

1304
00:38:50,069 --> 00:38:48,880
could you get it up could you pressurize

1305
00:38:52,630 --> 00:38:50,079
it could you you know

1306
00:38:53,349 --> 00:38:52,640
have a thermal plume you know some

1307
00:38:56,470 --> 00:38:53,359
mechanism

1308
00:38:58,550 --> 00:38:56,480
to to help that liquid rise up you have

1309
00:38:58,870 --> 00:38:58,560
a buoyancy problem right so ice is weird

1310
00:39:02,630 --> 00:38:58,880
so

1311
00:39:04,310 --> 00:39:02,640
it's not like with a lava flow with

1312
00:39:05,910 --> 00:39:04,320
magma in a volcano where

1313
00:39:08,310 --> 00:39:05,920
you know you melt it it gets lighter and

1314
00:39:09,430 --> 00:39:08,320
it wants to come out on europa the water

1315
00:39:10,630 --> 00:39:09,440
doesn't want to come out it wants to

1316
00:39:12,230 --> 00:39:10,640
stay down in the ocean

1317
00:39:13,910 --> 00:39:12,240
and the ice wants to stay floating on

1318
00:39:15,510 --> 00:39:13,920
top so if you have any kind of

1319
00:39:17,270 --> 00:39:15,520
communication you have to think about

1320
00:39:18,870 --> 00:39:17,280
yeah is it pressurized are there

1321
00:39:20,710 --> 00:39:18,880
you know interesting volatiles that are

1322
00:39:21,910 --> 00:39:20,720
dissolved in the water like ammonia that

1323
00:39:23,670 --> 00:39:21,920
could help make it up

1324
00:39:25,750 --> 00:39:23,680
um so it's a really it's a good

1325
00:39:27,990 --> 00:39:25,760
unanswered question as to how

1326
00:39:30,310 --> 00:39:28,000
material from the ocean could get at or

1327
00:39:31,750 --> 00:39:30,320
near the surface of europa

1328
00:39:33,430 --> 00:39:31,760
that's a really good question too for

1329
00:39:34,310 --> 00:39:33,440
for leading into our next audience

1330
00:39:36,230 --> 00:39:34,320
question

1331
00:39:38,630 --> 00:39:36,240
um of what we're actually looking for

1332
00:39:41,349 --> 00:39:38,640
for potential evidences of life

1333
00:39:41,990 --> 00:39:41,359
for the astrobiology side of of using

1334
00:39:43,829 --> 00:39:42,000
clipper could

1335
00:39:45,990 --> 00:39:43,839
clipper actually detect something at the

1336
00:39:48,310 --> 00:39:46,000
surface that shows that communication

1337
00:39:49,990 --> 00:39:48,320
and even more so with a lander what

1338
00:39:51,430 --> 00:39:50,000
kinds of materials might have might

1339
00:39:52,790 --> 00:39:51,440
actually be near the surface for the

1340
00:39:55,349 --> 00:39:52,800
landing mission

1341
00:39:56,069 --> 00:39:55,359
for us to look at yeah those are really

1342
00:39:58,870 --> 00:39:56,079
great questions

1343
00:39:59,190 --> 00:39:58,880
um so with europa clipper so again we're

1344
00:40:01,670 --> 00:39:59,200
not

1345
00:40:02,470 --> 00:40:01,680
expecting to detect life with europa

1346
00:40:04,150 --> 00:40:02,480
clipper you know

1347
00:40:05,750 --> 00:40:04,160
i mean if a fish gets thrown out of the

1348
00:40:07,430 --> 00:40:05,760
surface and whacks into europa clipper

1349
00:40:08,630 --> 00:40:07,440
then okay we've found life right

1350
00:40:10,309 --> 00:40:08,640
you know no one's going to argue with

1351
00:40:11,430 --> 00:40:10,319
that but the chances of that are really

1352
00:40:12,710 --> 00:40:11,440
small right there's probably not going

1353
00:40:15,430 --> 00:40:12,720
to be any flying fish

1354
00:40:17,190 --> 00:40:15,440
so really with europa clipper we'll be

1355
00:40:18,470 --> 00:40:17,200
able to measure the composition of

1356
00:40:20,309 --> 00:40:18,480
particles that are thrown off the

1357
00:40:22,309 --> 00:40:20,319
surface so with

1358
00:40:23,589 --> 00:40:22,319
with a mass spectrometer and a dust

1359
00:40:25,589 --> 00:40:23,599
analyzer

1360
00:40:27,109 --> 00:40:25,599
if there are plumes we'll be able to fly

1361
00:40:28,150 --> 00:40:27,119
through them and measure the composition

1362
00:40:29,510 --> 00:40:28,160
of those plumes

1363
00:40:31,270 --> 00:40:29,520
but even if there aren't plumes there's

1364
00:40:32,870 --> 00:40:31,280
enough material just ejected off the

1365
00:40:33,670 --> 00:40:32,880
surface just you know single particles

1366
00:40:36,309 --> 00:40:33,680
of material

1367
00:40:37,990 --> 00:40:36,319
that we will be able to measure those um

1368
00:40:39,670 --> 00:40:38,000
but what europa clipper will also do

1369
00:40:41,589 --> 00:40:39,680
is it'll study the composition of the

1370
00:40:42,950 --> 00:40:41,599
surface using a there's a near-infrared

1371
00:40:44,470 --> 00:40:42,960
mapping spectrometer

1372
00:40:46,150 --> 00:40:44,480
that will be able to tell us you know

1373
00:40:48,630 --> 00:40:46,160
surface composition

1374
00:40:50,390 --> 00:40:48,640
there's a thermal mapper that will be

1375
00:40:52,390 --> 00:40:50,400
able to look for places maybe in the

1376
00:40:53,990 --> 00:40:52,400
near subsurface that are warmer and that

1377
00:40:57,190 --> 00:40:54,000
could be places maybe where

1378
00:40:58,790 --> 00:40:57,200
liquid is closer to the surface there's

1379
00:40:59,750 --> 00:40:58,800
this radar instrument that again it'll

1380
00:41:01,190 --> 00:40:59,760
help us to map

1381
00:41:02,950 --> 00:41:01,200
out the subsurface it'll be able to

1382
00:41:04,790 --> 00:41:02,960
sound through the ice layer

1383
00:41:06,710 --> 00:41:04,800
maybe to find these sort of melt pockets

1384
00:41:09,109 --> 00:41:06,720
or maybe even all the way through

1385
00:41:10,790 --> 00:41:09,119
awesome our next question comes from the

1386
00:41:13,349 --> 00:41:10,800
same user on sega net

1387
00:41:14,630 --> 00:41:13,359
uh prithai jaipal uh pritha wants to

1388
00:41:16,069 --> 00:41:14,640
know and you already discussed this a

1389
00:41:16,950 --> 00:41:16,079
bit uh you were talking about

1390
00:41:18,950 --> 00:41:16,960
the potential for things like

1391
00:41:20,309 --> 00:41:18,960
hydrothermal vents and how here on earth

1392
00:41:22,630 --> 00:41:20,319
they can be entirely

1393
00:41:24,390 --> 00:41:22,640
uh disconnected from the solar

1394
00:41:26,150 --> 00:41:24,400
environment from the sun's energy

1395
00:41:28,470 --> 00:41:26,160
uh and so preetha really wants to know

1396
00:41:30,150 --> 00:41:28,480
about uh since there is so little solar

1397
00:41:32,309 --> 00:41:30,160
energy reaching europa and if there is

1398
00:41:32,950 --> 00:41:32,319
life it most likely is down below such a

1399
00:41:35,750 --> 00:41:32,960
thick

1400
00:41:37,589 --> 00:41:35,760
uh crust of ice so maybe you just

1401
00:41:39,990 --> 00:41:37,599
hypothesize with us

1402
00:41:41,109 --> 00:41:40,000
what the the forms of energy might be

1403
00:41:43,670 --> 00:41:41,119
for a life

1404
00:41:44,470 --> 00:41:43,680
in the european ocean that's a really

1405
00:41:47,270 --> 00:41:44,480
good question

1406
00:41:49,990 --> 00:41:47,280
um so so yeah life on europa it's going

1407
00:41:52,390 --> 00:41:50,000
to have to be completely independent of

1408
00:41:53,109 --> 00:41:52,400
solar energy so if we look at life on

1409
00:41:56,710 --> 00:41:53,119
earth

1410
00:41:58,790 --> 00:41:56,720
close to the sun

1411
00:42:00,710 --> 00:41:58,800
the energy from the sun is such a huge

1412
00:42:02,390 --> 00:42:00,720
energy source that basically

1413
00:42:04,550 --> 00:42:02,400
life that takes advantage of solar

1414
00:42:05,990 --> 00:42:04,560
energy just it dominates over any other

1415
00:42:07,910 --> 00:42:06,000
kind of energy source

1416
00:42:10,069 --> 00:42:07,920
but out at europa we're five times

1417
00:42:11,990 --> 00:42:10,079
further away from the sun we're at 5au

1418
00:42:15,109 --> 00:42:12,000
instead of 1au here on earth so that

1419
00:42:17,270 --> 00:42:15,119
means there's 25 times less solar energy

1420
00:42:18,470 --> 00:42:17,280
um and so because of that you know the

1421
00:42:20,309 --> 00:42:18,480
sun i mean it looks kind of like a

1422
00:42:21,349 --> 00:42:20,319
bright star in the sky but it's not like

1423
00:42:23,190 --> 00:42:21,359
it is here on earth

1424
00:42:25,109 --> 00:42:23,200
so yeah life on europa is going to have

1425
00:42:26,870 --> 00:42:25,119
to use other energy sources

1426
00:42:28,710 --> 00:42:26,880
and so one of those potential energy

1427
00:42:30,950 --> 00:42:28,720
sources is chemical energy

1428
00:42:32,790 --> 00:42:30,960
and so this is where we we start

1429
00:42:33,670 --> 00:42:32,800
thinking about sort of those exchange

1430
00:42:36,150 --> 00:42:33,680
processes

1431
00:42:37,910 --> 00:42:36,160
so they there could be interesting stuff

1432
00:42:39,589 --> 00:42:37,920
going on at the bottom of the ocean so

1433
00:42:40,710 --> 00:42:39,599
if we have hydrothermal systems if we

1434
00:42:42,630 --> 00:42:40,720
have places where

1435
00:42:45,030 --> 00:42:42,640
the ocean water can circulate through

1436
00:42:46,470 --> 00:42:45,040
the crust and can pick up interesting

1437
00:42:48,150 --> 00:42:46,480
materials and then

1438
00:42:49,589 --> 00:42:48,160
then bring those dissolve those and

1439
00:42:51,190 --> 00:42:49,599
bring them into the ocean

1440
00:42:54,150 --> 00:42:51,200
that could serve as chemical energy

1441
00:42:55,750 --> 00:42:54,160
maybe for for an ecosystem

1442
00:42:57,589 --> 00:42:55,760
and then the other possibility is stuff

1443
00:43:01,030 --> 00:42:57,599
that comes in from the surface

1444
00:43:03,109 --> 00:43:01,040
so the surface of europa is bathed in

1445
00:43:04,550 --> 00:43:03,119
radiation high energy radiation that

1446
00:43:07,190 --> 00:43:04,560
comes from jupiter

1447
00:43:08,870 --> 00:43:07,200
and so the that you can create all of

1448
00:43:09,589 --> 00:43:08,880
these oxidants and organics at the

1449
00:43:11,990 --> 00:43:09,599
surface by

1450
00:43:13,910 --> 00:43:12,000
processing not just the ice but by

1451
00:43:15,430 --> 00:43:13,920
processing the other materials that have

1452
00:43:16,470 --> 00:43:15,440
you know kind of like drifted out onto

1453
00:43:18,790 --> 00:43:16,480
the surface like

1454
00:43:20,950 --> 00:43:18,800
sulfur that comes from io for example

1455
00:43:22,630 --> 00:43:20,960
like micrometeorites that come in

1456
00:43:24,390 --> 00:43:22,640
so you can create these interesting

1457
00:43:25,270 --> 00:43:24,400
oxidants and organics at the surface of

1458
00:43:27,190 --> 00:43:25,280
europa

1459
00:43:28,710 --> 00:43:27,200
and then if you have a way to mix them

1460
00:43:29,589 --> 00:43:28,720
from the surface all the way through the

1461
00:43:31,990 --> 00:43:29,599
ice layer

1462
00:43:32,870 --> 00:43:32,000
down into the ocean that can also serve

1463
00:43:35,349 --> 00:43:32,880
as as

1464
00:43:37,349 --> 00:43:35,359
fuel basically as food for a biosphere

1465
00:43:39,109 --> 00:43:37,359
that's that's living in the ocean

1466
00:43:40,390 --> 00:43:39,119
so yeah when we're thinking about life

1467
00:43:42,390 --> 00:43:40,400
on europa

1468
00:43:44,230 --> 00:43:42,400
it's very very unlikely that anything

1469
00:43:45,589 --> 00:43:44,240
could survive right at the surface just

1470
00:43:47,430 --> 00:43:45,599
because we're at you know there's no

1471
00:43:49,510 --> 00:43:47,440
atmosphere you're in a vacuum you're at

1472
00:43:51,670 --> 00:43:49,520
100 kelvin so it's really cold

1473
00:43:53,589 --> 00:43:51,680
and you're fried by radiation right so

1474
00:43:55,589 --> 00:43:53,599
it's not a good place to live

1475
00:43:57,349 --> 00:43:55,599
but fortunately ice is a pretty good

1476
00:43:58,870 --> 00:43:57,359
shield like it'll block out a lot of

1477
00:44:00,790 --> 00:43:58,880
that radiation so

1478
00:44:02,230 --> 00:44:00,800
you know once you get down even you know

1479
00:44:04,550 --> 00:44:02,240
a meter or so in the ice

1480
00:44:06,069 --> 00:44:04,560
it's a much safer place for life not to

1481
00:44:07,990 --> 00:44:06,079
get fried by radiation

1482
00:44:09,510 --> 00:44:08,000
but again we're probably unless there's

1483
00:44:11,270 --> 00:44:09,520
kind of pockets of water

1484
00:44:13,589 --> 00:44:11,280
closer to the surface we're probably

1485
00:44:15,510 --> 00:44:13,599
talking about life you know maybe at the

1486
00:44:16,710 --> 00:44:15,520
bottom of the ice layer or in the ocean

1487
00:44:17,990 --> 00:44:16,720
itself

1488
00:44:19,829 --> 00:44:18,000
yeah and that's important for people to

1489
00:44:21,349 --> 00:44:19,839
remember too is that this this life

1490
00:44:22,390 --> 00:44:21,359
could be very deep down there and well

1491
00:44:23,910 --> 00:44:22,400
protected i mean

1492
00:44:25,109 --> 00:44:23,920
we talk about sending humans out into

1493
00:44:26,950 --> 00:44:25,119
space and how we might mitigate

1494
00:44:27,349 --> 00:44:26,960
radiation and we talk about using water

1495
00:44:28,790 --> 00:44:27,359
and

1496
00:44:31,270 --> 00:44:28,800
other forms of shielding to help break

1497
00:44:33,109 --> 00:44:31,280
down that radiation so it won't harm us

1498
00:44:34,829 --> 00:44:33,119
um let's talk a bit about the surface of

1499
00:44:36,870 --> 00:44:34,839
europa then and that radiation

1500
00:44:37,990 --> 00:44:36,880
environment uh our next question comes

1501
00:44:40,550 --> 00:44:38,000
from garrett campion

1502
00:44:42,309 --> 00:44:40,560
uh on twitter garrett wants to know

1503
00:44:44,309 --> 00:44:42,319
about the color differences we've seen

1504
00:44:46,069 --> 00:44:44,319
in images of europa you see the

1505
00:44:47,750 --> 00:44:46,079
the linea they have these you know

1506
00:44:49,910 --> 00:44:47,760
really beautiful red colorations and a

1507
00:44:51,910 --> 00:44:49,920
lot of the images that were shown

1508
00:44:54,150 --> 00:44:51,920
does that coloration and the potential

1509
00:44:55,670 --> 00:44:54,160
source of these differences that cause

1510
00:44:58,710 --> 00:44:55,680
those colorations that we see

1511
00:45:00,790 --> 00:44:58,720
in images of the moon does that give us

1512
00:45:02,630 --> 00:45:00,800
prospects of finding bio signatures most

1513
00:45:05,510 --> 00:45:02,640
likely in the cracks

1514
00:45:07,190 --> 00:45:05,520
um it does actually so this is actually

1515
00:45:08,710 --> 00:45:07,200
a lot of the pictures you see of europa

1516
00:45:10,390 --> 00:45:08,720
especially the color ones they're ones

1517
00:45:11,990 --> 00:45:10,400
that i made personally actually so

1518
00:45:13,510 --> 00:45:12,000
that was one of my jobs back when i was

1519
00:45:15,829 --> 00:45:13,520
in grad school was

1520
00:45:16,870 --> 00:45:15,839
to make mosaics of the surface of images

1521
00:45:18,550 --> 00:45:16,880
as they came in

1522
00:45:20,390 --> 00:45:18,560
um and so i developed these techniques

1523
00:45:22,150 --> 00:45:20,400
to process the color data

1524
00:45:23,430 --> 00:45:22,160
into what we call these enhanced color

1525
00:45:25,030 --> 00:45:23,440
images so

1526
00:45:27,109 --> 00:45:25,040
first off most of the pictures you see

1527
00:45:27,829 --> 00:45:27,119
of europa unfortunately they're very

1528
00:45:29,990 --> 00:45:27,839
they're what we call

1529
00:45:30,950 --> 00:45:30,000
color enhanced right so that's a they're

1530
00:45:33,589 --> 00:45:30,960
very stretched

1531
00:45:35,589 --> 00:45:33,599
right so europa is not really anywhere

1532
00:45:37,030 --> 00:45:35,599
near as bright red and bright blue as

1533
00:45:38,710 --> 00:45:37,040
you see in those pictures

1534
00:45:41,430 --> 00:45:38,720
the surface is really kind of more like

1535
00:45:43,430 --> 00:45:41,440
a yellowish brownish kind of color

1536
00:45:44,870 --> 00:45:43,440
but the reason that we enhance them is

1537
00:45:46,069 --> 00:45:44,880
not just because they're beautiful which

1538
00:45:48,150 --> 00:45:46,079
you know i think they're pretty

1539
00:45:50,309 --> 00:45:48,160
but there you can also do science with

1540
00:45:51,190 --> 00:45:50,319
them and so basically the places on the

1541
00:45:53,829 --> 00:45:51,200
surface that have

1542
00:45:55,349 --> 00:45:53,839
more of like a whitish bluish color

1543
00:45:57,510 --> 00:45:55,359
those are the places that have more of a

1544
00:45:59,510 --> 00:45:57,520
pure water ice composition

1545
00:46:00,550 --> 00:45:59,520
the places that are more kind of reddish

1546
00:46:02,150 --> 00:46:00,560
and brownish

1547
00:46:04,550 --> 00:46:02,160
those are the areas that have a higher

1548
00:46:06,470 --> 00:46:04,560
concentration of non-ice materials

1549
00:46:07,829 --> 00:46:06,480
and so we're still debating based on the

1550
00:46:09,990 --> 00:46:07,839
galileo material

1551
00:46:11,270 --> 00:46:10,000
is this you know sulfuric acid is it

1552
00:46:12,950 --> 00:46:11,280
magnesium sulfate

1553
00:46:14,790 --> 00:46:12,960
like there's a variety of like highly

1554
00:46:15,589 --> 00:46:14,800
hydrated kind of salts and other

1555
00:46:17,349 --> 00:46:15,599
minerals

1556
00:46:19,190 --> 00:46:17,359
that could be responsible for this

1557
00:46:22,069 --> 00:46:19,200
coloration

1558
00:46:23,510 --> 00:46:22,079
but what we do see is that this reddish

1559
00:46:26,870 --> 00:46:23,520
brownish-yellowish stuff

1560
00:46:28,950 --> 00:46:26,880
it's associated with places where their

1561
00:46:30,230 --> 00:46:28,960
younger geologic features and their

1562
00:46:32,630 --> 00:46:30,240
features that we think

1563
00:46:34,390 --> 00:46:32,640
might be connected to bringing up

1564
00:46:36,710 --> 00:46:34,400
material from the subsurface

1565
00:46:38,870 --> 00:46:36,720
so yeah we see these reddish these long

1566
00:46:40,390 --> 00:46:38,880
linear features these giant cracks and

1567
00:46:42,069 --> 00:46:40,400
ridges that can go for thousands of

1568
00:46:44,069 --> 00:46:42,079
kilometers across the surface

1569
00:46:45,910 --> 00:46:44,079
those look kind of reddish and then we

1570
00:46:47,589 --> 00:46:45,920
see this disrupted what we call chaos

1571
00:46:48,950 --> 00:46:47,599
terrain that's where these icebergs have

1572
00:46:50,790 --> 00:46:48,960
broken up the surface

1573
00:46:52,470 --> 00:46:50,800
and those also generally look kind of

1574
00:46:54,790 --> 00:46:52,480
reddish and so

1575
00:46:56,230 --> 00:46:54,800
that tells us that there must be when

1576
00:46:58,309 --> 00:46:56,240
those features are formed and we don't

1577
00:47:00,230 --> 00:46:58,319
know for sure how they're formed yet

1578
00:47:02,069 --> 00:47:00,240
but we're pretty sure that those are

1579
00:47:02,550 --> 00:47:02,079
bringing up material that comes from

1580
00:47:06,710 --> 00:47:02,560
this

1581
00:47:07,750 --> 00:47:06,720
we're talking about places to look for

1582
00:47:09,510 --> 00:47:07,760
signs of life

1583
00:47:11,030 --> 00:47:09,520
since we think the life is in the ocean

1584
00:47:13,270 --> 00:47:11,040
we want to go to places

1585
00:47:14,550 --> 00:47:13,280
we want to study places that could have

1586
00:47:16,390 --> 00:47:14,560
brought ocean material

1587
00:47:17,990 --> 00:47:16,400
up to you know to the surface or close

1588
00:47:19,510 --> 00:47:18,000
to the surface

1589
00:47:21,589 --> 00:47:19,520
yeah and those cracks just seem so

1590
00:47:22,790 --> 00:47:21,599
appealing for astrobiologists just

1591
00:47:24,150 --> 00:47:22,800
looking at that and thinking about the

1592
00:47:25,910 --> 00:47:24,160
potential there

1593
00:47:27,829 --> 00:47:25,920
we do have a time for just a couple of

1594
00:47:29,109 --> 00:47:27,839
more questions i i do apologize to our

1595
00:47:31,430 --> 00:47:29,119
audience for those who've

1596
00:47:32,790 --> 00:47:31,440
asked so many questions as you know

1597
00:47:34,230 --> 00:47:32,800
within the half an hour that we have for

1598
00:47:35,109 --> 00:47:34,240
our q a it's always so hard to get to

1599
00:47:36,630 --> 00:47:35,119
all of them

1600
00:47:38,630 --> 00:47:36,640
but we do our best to try to get to your

1601
00:47:40,150 --> 00:47:38,640
questions if you do have more questions

1602
00:47:41,109 --> 00:47:40,160
for after the show that i can't get to

1603
00:47:42,630 --> 00:47:41,119
right now

1604
00:47:44,309 --> 00:47:42,640
feel free to reach out on twitter and

1605
00:47:45,109 --> 00:47:44,319
other places on social media send us

1606
00:47:47,910 --> 00:47:45,119
emails

1607
00:47:49,829 --> 00:47:47,920
um you know astrobiologists love talking

1608
00:47:51,270 --> 00:47:49,839
about all the things that we do

1609
00:47:53,990 --> 00:47:51,280
and so feel free to reach out and

1610
00:47:56,950 --> 00:47:54,000
connect um but we have two questions now

1611
00:47:58,390 --> 00:47:56,960
about the lander mission itself uh first

1612
00:47:59,349 --> 00:47:58,400
off marianne denton is watching on

1613
00:48:01,589 --> 00:47:59,359
facebook

1614
00:48:03,589 --> 00:48:01,599
and marianne wants to know what kinds of

1615
00:48:04,549 --> 00:48:03,599
planetary protection measures are being

1616
00:48:07,349 --> 00:48:04,559
considered

1617
00:48:07,750 --> 00:48:07,359
in the lander concept right now that's a

1618
00:48:09,190 --> 00:48:07,760
really

1619
00:48:10,630 --> 00:48:09,200
important question and it's something

1620
00:48:11,430 --> 00:48:10,640
we're definitely thinking about for the

1621
00:48:13,270 --> 00:48:11,440
lander

1622
00:48:14,790 --> 00:48:13,280
um because yeah the last thing we want

1623
00:48:17,349 --> 00:48:14,800
to do is land on the surface

1624
00:48:18,230 --> 00:48:17,359
and then destroy the life on europa in

1625
00:48:20,069 --> 00:48:18,240
the act of

1626
00:48:21,750 --> 00:48:20,079
looking for it right that's that's like

1627
00:48:23,750 --> 00:48:21,760
the worst possible case

1628
00:48:24,950 --> 00:48:23,760
and so yeah we take planetary protection

1629
00:48:27,589 --> 00:48:24,960
very seriously

1630
00:48:29,349 --> 00:48:27,599
um we would need to sterilize the

1631
00:48:31,349 --> 00:48:29,359
spacecraft like really clean it like

1632
00:48:33,829 --> 00:48:31,359
like we do with missions to mars

1633
00:48:36,390 --> 00:48:33,839
um where every inch of that spacecraft

1634
00:48:38,069 --> 00:48:36,400
is just scrubbed and cleaned and studied

1635
00:48:39,670 --> 00:48:38,079
so we want to get off make sure that

1636
00:48:41,589 --> 00:48:39,680
there aren't microbes from earth that

1637
00:48:43,510 --> 00:48:41,599
are hitching a ride

1638
00:48:44,790 --> 00:48:43,520
and then you also want to characterize

1639
00:48:46,630 --> 00:48:44,800
so you say okay

1640
00:48:48,069 --> 00:48:46,640
i'm going to clean this as well as i can

1641
00:48:49,910 --> 00:48:48,079
but i understand that i can't

1642
00:48:51,109 --> 00:48:49,920
clean every single nook and cranny of

1643
00:48:52,790 --> 00:48:51,119
the spacecraft so

1644
00:48:54,069 --> 00:48:52,800
in addition to cleaning it they also do

1645
00:48:54,870 --> 00:48:54,079
what's called like a biological

1646
00:48:56,790 --> 00:48:54,880
inventory

1647
00:48:58,150 --> 00:48:56,800
where they actually study the spacecraft

1648
00:49:00,470 --> 00:48:58,160
and they measure

1649
00:49:01,270 --> 00:49:00,480
all of the species that are on it and so

1650
00:49:03,430 --> 00:49:01,280
that way

1651
00:49:05,109 --> 00:49:03,440
so when say like a mars rover goes to

1652
00:49:07,430 --> 00:49:05,119
mars and if it

1653
00:49:09,430 --> 00:49:07,440
found something that looks like life

1654
00:49:11,030 --> 00:49:09,440
right they could compare it to

1655
00:49:12,309 --> 00:49:11,040
okay we know these are the contaminants

1656
00:49:12,790 --> 00:49:12,319
that were on the spacecraft to start

1657
00:49:15,109 --> 00:49:12,800
with

1658
00:49:17,109 --> 00:49:15,119
and oh look we just found e coli well

1659
00:49:18,790 --> 00:49:17,119
it's pretty unlikely that e coli evolved

1660
00:49:19,589 --> 00:49:18,800
independently on mars it probably just

1661
00:49:21,190 --> 00:49:19,599
hits the ride

1662
00:49:23,030 --> 00:49:21,200
right so having that sort of biological

1663
00:49:24,630 --> 00:49:23,040
inventory is another really important

1664
00:49:26,790 --> 00:49:24,640
part of planetary protection

1665
00:49:27,990 --> 00:49:26,800
so we would probably use those to use

1666
00:49:30,069 --> 00:49:28,000
some of those techniques

1667
00:49:31,829 --> 00:49:30,079
to land on europa um you'd have the

1668
00:49:33,270 --> 00:49:31,839
spacecraft in what's called like a bio

1669
00:49:35,270 --> 00:49:33,280
barrier probably where

1670
00:49:36,309 --> 00:49:35,280
it's sort of like sealed until it gets

1671
00:49:37,829 --> 00:49:36,319
close to europa

1672
00:49:39,589 --> 00:49:37,839
when you're in space obviously you don't

1673
00:49:40,870 --> 00:49:39,599
have to worry so much about it picking

1674
00:49:41,829 --> 00:49:40,880
up but you know microbes that are

1675
00:49:43,670 --> 00:49:41,839
hanging around

1676
00:49:45,270 --> 00:49:43,680
um so when you're in space it's pretty

1677
00:49:47,750 --> 00:49:45,280
safe um

1678
00:49:49,270 --> 00:49:47,760
you would probably say you'd clean it

1679
00:49:49,990 --> 00:49:49,280
fortunately on europa all of this

1680
00:49:51,430 --> 00:49:50,000
radiation

1681
00:49:53,750 --> 00:49:51,440
does help to sort of sterilize your

1682
00:49:56,069 --> 00:49:53,760
spacecraft so that can help as well

1683
00:49:57,990 --> 00:49:56,079
um and then a final thing we're looking

1684
00:49:59,910 --> 00:49:58,000
into is having what's called a

1685
00:50:01,190 --> 00:49:59,920
terminal sterilization system where you

1686
00:50:02,950 --> 00:50:01,200
basically like

1687
00:50:04,790 --> 00:50:02,960
you have you sort of like set off a mini

1688
00:50:06,390 --> 00:50:04,800
bomb inside of your your instrument

1689
00:50:08,069 --> 00:50:06,400
vault where all the instruments are

1690
00:50:09,750 --> 00:50:08,079
that that would be like a last-ditch

1691
00:50:10,549 --> 00:50:09,760
effort to basically like at the end of

1692
00:50:12,870 --> 00:50:10,559
your mission

1693
00:50:14,470 --> 00:50:12,880
you want to sterilize everything inside

1694
00:50:15,510 --> 00:50:14,480
just so there aren't any remnants lying

1695
00:50:16,790 --> 00:50:15,520
around

1696
00:50:18,710 --> 00:50:16,800
so so those are all things that we're

1697
00:50:19,670 --> 00:50:18,720
thinking of um for a land admission on

1698
00:50:21,109 --> 00:50:19,680
europa

1699
00:50:22,549 --> 00:50:21,119
that's awesome yeah and it's really

1700
00:50:22,950 --> 00:50:22,559
important for us to think about you know

1701
00:50:26,390 --> 00:50:22,960
and

1702
00:50:27,349 --> 00:50:26,400
told me before we started the show that

1703
00:50:29,270 --> 00:50:27,359
you actually have

1704
00:50:31,109 --> 00:50:29,280
an interesting anecdote about arthur c

1705
00:50:34,309 --> 00:50:31,119
clarke i think a lot of us who

1706
00:50:36,870 --> 00:50:34,319
are our 2001 space odyssey 2010 uh

1707
00:50:38,069 --> 00:50:36,880
fans of science fiction know this very

1708
00:50:39,430 --> 00:50:38,079
famous quote about

1709
00:50:41,270 --> 00:50:39,440
you know all of these worlds are yours

1710
00:50:41,829 --> 00:50:41,280
except for europa they're landing there

1711
00:50:43,109 --> 00:50:41,839
right

1712
00:50:44,390 --> 00:50:43,119
um i wonder if you could share that

1713
00:50:45,829 --> 00:50:44,400
story with our audience in the last

1714
00:50:48,150 --> 00:50:45,839
minute that we have here

1715
00:50:50,470 --> 00:50:48,160
sure so so that's whenever i talk about

1716
00:50:52,069 --> 00:50:50,480
landing on europa invariably someone

1717
00:50:53,510 --> 00:50:52,079
will post that quote or they'll post a

1718
00:50:55,510 --> 00:50:53,520
screenshot from the movie

1719
00:50:57,270 --> 00:50:55,520
it's embedded in kind of our cultural

1720
00:50:57,589 --> 00:50:57,280
consciousness that we have to be you

1721
00:50:59,430 --> 00:50:57,599
know

1722
00:51:02,150 --> 00:50:59,440
we have this we're forbidden to land on

1723
00:51:03,829 --> 00:51:02,160
europa and so back in the 1990s

1724
00:51:05,829 --> 00:51:03,839
during the galileo mission we had the

1725
00:51:06,870 --> 00:51:05,839
first europa ocean conference and these

1726
00:51:08,549 --> 00:51:06,880
were scientists

1727
00:51:09,910 --> 00:51:08,559
who were first starting to put together

1728
00:51:11,109 --> 00:51:09,920
all the clues that there could be an

1729
00:51:12,710 --> 00:51:11,119
ocean on europa

1730
00:51:14,390 --> 00:51:12,720
and so arthur c clarke actually

1731
00:51:16,069 --> 00:51:14,400
addressed the banquet at this conference

1732
00:51:16,549 --> 00:51:16,079
and i was there as you know a lowly grad

1733
00:51:18,150 --> 00:51:16,559
student

1734
00:51:20,230 --> 00:51:18,160
so i got to go to the banquet so arthur

1735
00:51:22,309 --> 00:51:20,240
c clarke addressed this banquet

1736
00:51:23,829 --> 00:51:22,319
via videophone and this is you know okay

1737
00:51:25,910 --> 00:51:23,839
it's the 1990s

1738
00:51:27,430 --> 00:51:25,920
having a video call from arthur c clark

1739
00:51:29,190 --> 00:51:27,440
in sri lanka it was a

1740
00:51:30,630 --> 00:51:29,200
big deal okay it's not like you know

1741
00:51:31,990 --> 00:51:30,640
today we take it for granted you can

1742
00:51:33,270 --> 00:51:32,000
hold up your phone and talk to someone

1743
00:51:35,270 --> 00:51:33,280
anywhere in the world but

1744
00:51:36,870 --> 00:51:35,280
back then it was like it was a really

1745
00:51:38,630 --> 00:51:36,880
big deal and you know he didn't travel

1746
00:51:40,309 --> 00:51:38,640
from sri lanka so basically he had this

1747
00:51:41,670 --> 00:51:40,319
whole satellite set up and so

1748
00:51:43,670 --> 00:51:41,680
you know so he addressed us at the

1749
00:51:45,349 --> 00:51:43,680
banquet and so you know he gave this

1750
00:51:47,109 --> 00:51:45,359
nice talk and i remember at the end of

1751
00:51:49,510 --> 00:51:47,119
it the the project scientist

1752
00:51:51,589 --> 00:51:49,520
on the on the galileo mission got up and

1753
00:51:53,750 --> 00:51:51,599
said you know sir arthur you know

1754
00:51:54,710 --> 00:51:53,760
in 2010 you said all these worlds are

1755
00:51:56,390 --> 00:51:54,720
yours except

1756
00:51:58,790 --> 00:51:56,400
you know except europa attempt no

1757
00:52:00,069 --> 00:51:58,800
landings there may we have permission to

1758
00:52:01,589 --> 00:52:00,079
explore europa

1759
00:52:03,109 --> 00:52:01,599
and arthur c clarke thought it was the

1760
00:52:05,990 --> 00:52:03,119
most hilarious thing

1761
00:52:07,750 --> 00:52:06,000
ever that nasa was asking him a science

1762
00:52:08,549 --> 00:52:07,760
fiction writer for permission to explore

1763
00:52:10,549 --> 00:52:08,559
europa

1764
00:52:12,069 --> 00:52:10,559
but he was very gracious and he granted

1765
00:52:13,750 --> 00:52:12,079
he said yes you know

1766
00:52:15,510 --> 00:52:13,760
don't worry about the prohibition you

1767
00:52:16,710 --> 00:52:15,520
have my permission and my blessing to

1768
00:52:19,349 --> 00:52:16,720
explore europa

1769
00:52:19,990 --> 00:52:19,359
so for anyone who's worried that you

1770
00:52:23,430 --> 00:52:20,000
know that

1771
00:52:25,109 --> 00:52:23,440
the aliens from the the 2001 2010

1772
00:52:27,270 --> 00:52:25,119
series are going to get angry at us for

1773
00:52:27,829 --> 00:52:27,280
exploring europa we're okay we have it

1774
00:52:30,390 --> 00:52:27,839
covered

1775
00:52:31,670 --> 00:52:30,400
we have permission i love that so much

1776
00:52:32,549 --> 00:52:31,680
we have we have arthur c clarke

1777
00:52:34,230 --> 00:52:32,559
permission

1778
00:52:35,910 --> 00:52:34,240
um so we are going to start wrapping our

1779
00:52:38,069 --> 00:52:35,920
episode uh right now

1780
00:52:40,390 --> 00:52:38,079
uh dr cynthia phillips thank you so much

1781
00:52:41,670 --> 00:52:40,400
for joining us for ask an astrobiologist

1782
00:52:43,510 --> 00:52:41,680
uh it's been great to have you on the

1783
00:52:44,230 --> 00:52:43,520
show oh it's been great to be here thank

1784
00:52:45,750 --> 00:52:44,240
you

1785
00:52:47,589 --> 00:52:45,760
and thanks to all everyone who has such

1786
00:52:49,670 --> 00:52:47,599
great questions this was really fun

1787
00:52:51,349 --> 00:52:49,680
yeah and as i said i mean we had so many

1788
00:52:52,790 --> 00:52:51,359
questions i do apologize to our audience

1789
00:52:53,510 --> 00:52:52,800
for some technical issues we had during

1790
00:52:54,870 --> 00:52:53,520
the show

1791
00:52:56,549 --> 00:52:54,880
uh during the live stream we'll try to

1792
00:52:57,589 --> 00:52:56,559
clean those up for the recorded version

1793
00:52:59,750 --> 00:52:57,599
for everyone

1794
00:53:00,870 --> 00:52:59,760
uh and yeah so many questions i can't

1795
00:53:03,109 --> 00:53:00,880
always get to

1796
00:53:04,069 --> 00:53:03,119
uh so so please you know reach out to us

1797
00:53:06,790 --> 00:53:04,079
in any way you can

1798
00:53:08,390 --> 00:53:06,800
online um and we're more than happy to

1799
00:53:10,069 --> 00:53:08,400
try to interact with whatever time we do

1800
00:53:11,990 --> 00:53:10,079
have available to us

1801
00:53:13,910 --> 00:53:12,000
um we do want to ask our viewers so we

1802
00:53:15,109 --> 00:53:13,920
talked about europa and icy worlds we

1803
00:53:16,470 --> 00:53:15,119
asked you on twitter through nasa

1804
00:53:19,109 --> 00:53:16,480
astrobiology

1805
00:53:22,150 --> 00:53:19,119
um about things like your favorite icy

1806
00:53:23,589 --> 00:53:22,160
world and to identify a feature on io

1807
00:53:25,349 --> 00:53:23,599
but we also talked about science fiction

1808
00:53:26,790 --> 00:53:25,359
a bit so what is your favorite science

1809
00:53:28,870 --> 00:53:26,800
fiction or art or

1810
00:53:30,230 --> 00:53:28,880
other media that inspires you to ask

1811
00:53:32,710 --> 00:53:30,240
questions about the nature

1812
00:53:33,270 --> 00:53:32,720
of life in the universe so feel free to

1813
00:53:36,470 --> 00:53:33,280
reach out

1814
00:53:39,589 --> 00:53:36,480
out to us at nasa astrobiology or

1815
00:53:41,190 --> 00:53:39,599
nasa astrobio at saganorg on twitter

1816
00:53:43,430 --> 00:53:41,200
and we're more than happy to engage with

1817
00:53:44,710 --> 00:53:43,440
you in conversations about this

1818
00:53:46,470 --> 00:53:44,720
and also if you want to know more about

1819
00:53:48,390 --> 00:53:46,480
the europa clipper mission um the

1820
00:53:51,510 --> 00:53:48,400
upcoming lander concept

1821
00:53:53,270 --> 00:53:51,520
go to europa.nasa.gov

1822
00:53:54,630 --> 00:53:53,280
and you can learn a whole bunch more

1823
00:53:57,270 --> 00:53:54,640
about all the things going on

1824
00:53:58,630 --> 00:53:57,280
at nasa with europa right now and if you

1825
00:54:00,230 --> 00:53:58,640
want to stay in the loop on upcoming

1826
00:54:02,790 --> 00:54:00,240
episodes of our show

1827
00:54:04,309 --> 00:54:02,800
or find out more about nasa astrobiology

1828
00:54:05,670 --> 00:54:04,319
about opportunities

1829
00:54:08,150 --> 00:54:05,680
for young students for instance in

1830
00:54:09,510 --> 00:54:08,160
astrobiology we're going to also pop up

1831
00:54:12,150 --> 00:54:09,520
a sign up link

1832
00:54:13,990 --> 00:54:12,160
uh for joining uh the the newsletter the

1833
00:54:15,430 --> 00:54:14,000
from nasa astrobiology

1834
00:54:16,710 --> 00:54:15,440
to get that in your email whenever there

1835
00:54:17,589 --> 00:54:16,720
are opportunities and other things

1836
00:54:19,750 --> 00:54:17,599
happening

1837
00:54:22,710 --> 00:54:19,760
uh and so on behalf of our team for mike

1838
00:54:24,390 --> 00:54:22,720
toyon miriam nassim sarah treadwell

1839
00:54:26,630 --> 00:54:24,400
on behalf of saginet and nasa

1840
00:54:28,470 --> 00:54:26,640
astrobiology and myself

1841
00:54:29,670 --> 00:54:28,480
thank you all for joining and remember

1842
00:54:38,170 --> 00:54:29,680
until next time to